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URANIA 1936 



H EnANAITAIH 
ENANTIA ETO (DAIII 



To fjeanaopa rqc; mnaviKifc GnavaoTaoqq tov louAq rou 1 936, 
cpouvTwae tic; cAniSeq pia oAditAripnc; yEVidq oookiAkhwv Mad rqv 
eni6oAii twv (paoicmicwv koSeotwtwv otitv iTaAla, n\ fYppavla, ii|V 
AuoTpia kqi Tn,v nopToyaAia, ri avTierraarj twv i pymwv tqt; 
Icmaviaq ryrav r\ t^wvTavii anoSn^n on o <paoiopdc; pnopi i vci 

TOaKIOTEi. 

Opax;, 5ev njav povo auTd. H 6cnania iou '30 nrav i) Amoirla t iq 
Kpioqq, Tqc; avEpyiac; Kai tik ^Twxetac;. iTqv lonovla yia npuiti 
cpopd peTd and xpovia ipaivdrav p<a cva AAaKTiKri. 5l( }.< »'><>•, H 
aoaiaAioTiKii cnavaaiaai\. Oi epydT£<; nripav oto x^c 
auAAoyiKd tov eAcyxo t^c; napaywyijq. Znq yttTOVM \ 01 < PYffl 
eniTponec; ei'xav tov eAcyxo Tqc; Siavopita iu>v ovoMn hn xwi ll ot 
aypOTeq KaTaAdpBavav T'ayponTiipoTa na» to koaAm i>ym)ouv 
ouAAoyiKQ. 

noia njav n Suvapn "ou 6a otopotouoe tov 0pov«<> im > 

Ku6cpvr|on tgu AaiKOiJ MeTwnou otivv onola noppi u ixov 
T'apiOTEpd KoppaTo, q n E^ouoia twv idiwv twv i pyaTftf And ti)v 
anavTqoq oe outo to cpwTqpa kpivotov q vmq q i| i|t hi urn vavn 
QTOV cpoaiopo... 



IZnANIA 1936 

H EnANAETAZH ENANTIA ETO OAEIEMO 



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EKAOIEII EPfATIKH AHMOKPATIA 



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IZnANIA 1936 



H EMNAETAEH ENANTIA ETO OAEIEMO 



Auto to 6i8Aio ornpix^nKe oto KeipdAaio yia tov lonaviKO 

E|JcpuAio r nou GpiaKEToi otov map™ t6|jo 

Tqc; 6iOYpo<piaq tou TpOTOKi an6 tov T6vi KAicp 

(Tony Cliff, Trotski 1927-1940, Bookmarks 1993). 

T6vi KAt(p cfvai hyetiko |i£Aoq tou IociciAiotikou Epyotikou 

K6p)jaTO<; (SWP) oth BpETavia. 

EnipeAeia: KtooTac; niTTac; 
KaAAiTEXviKn EnijjSAcia: Taafa KOpKOU 



EKAOIBI EPrATIKH AHMOKPATIA 
AQHNA, OKTOBPHI 1995 



Auto to gipTvio ainpfx6nKE cno 
KEtpdJ\ojo yia inv ionaviKri 
Enavaaioori too ietopiou i6pou 
in? noAiTiKri? Pioypaxptas too 
TpoiOKi and rov T6vi KAitp (Tony 
Cliff, 'The darker the night, the 
brighter the star, Trotsky 1 927- 
1940'). O T6vi KAicp eIvol n Y etiK6 
pe?io? too Socialist Workers Party 
crrnv BpEtavia kqi ouyvpatptas 
noMciv Biftoicov: avo^Ecd touc dvhi 
01 noriiTiKE? flioypacpfcc too Aevw 
Kai rou TpotOKi Ka6&s koi n 
pap^ioTiKri avaftuan too 
cnaAiwcfjiou he tiifto "Kpouadq 
KannaAtojiog am Paaia" 



lanavfa '36 

ISBN 960-7%7-02-X 

In EKSoon OKicbfipnc 1995 
2n ek6ooti Tevopnc 1999 

MEidTppaan - ErapEAEia: Kdxnag rj/rraj 

EKAOIEIZ EPrATIKH AHMOKPA TIA 
A0HNA:T.0.8161, 10010 A9r|va 
AEYKQSA: T.K. 7280 Aeutajoia 

Ektutkootv rm\rn)payaq A^qrpnq, 
Tepaviou 7, Tt)k. 52.44.309 

KENTPIKH AIAGEIH 

AQHNA: "MAP=IZTIKO BIBAIOnQAElO* 
Ava^ayopa 14A, O|j6voia, 
105 52 A9HNAT0A. 52.47.584 



IIEPIEXOMENA 

1. np6hoY09 5 

2. H nopeia npoc; tnv enavacrcaon 7 

3. Ano in vfKn tou Aa&oo Mei<£>nou 

am <paaiariKn avrapafa 13 

4. H-cpaaianKn avrapafa TouOpavKO 17 

5. H Y^vvnan in? 8ua8iKh? e^oualas 20 

6. Ta K6pnaia Kai oi opyavuXJEig ms 

EpyaTiKn? T6^ng 25 

7 . iioipalcK* p6ho? tou Aaiikou Mei6nou 30 

8. H apuva mq Maopim? 39 

9. H oiaAuon mq epYatiKns e^ouafas 42 

10. Ta YGYovoia tou Man 1937 44 

11. To £kmaauxi m? avrenavaoraans 52 

12. EniAoYoc; 57 

13. In^EKforeic; 61 



XPONOAOriKOI HINAKAI 



1931 


AnpiAng 


1934 


Oxriippng 


1936 


QAspapng 




Anpikng 




fotivng 




lotfAng 



ZsnTEpppng 

Asxfyppng 
1937 QAsjiapng 



Mdpmg 
Mdng 

1939 Anpifoig 



EyxaSiSpuon mq AnpoKpaiiag 

E^eyepan Ttsv av8paKcapuxwv ing Aaxoupiag 

evdvna omv aneiAri Se^ioii npaJjiKonripaTog. 

To Aa'ixd Metaino KEpSi^Ei tig EKAoyeg 

XiAidSeg aypoieg KaTaAap|Sdvouv 

ia aypoKTrijiaTa omv EoTpspadoupa 

Eva EKaioppupio spydteg anepyotiv pe oiKovopixd 

xai noAniKd anripaTa 

Aviapaia tou Opdvxo. Oi epydteg onAigovTai 

xai anoxpououv mug cpaaiateg, sva 

n xupspvnon rou Aaixou Meioonou napapevei 

aBpaialg. 

KataAriijieig EpyooTaaiuv, KaTaompdrasv, rpaneg'c&v 

and ug epyatiKeg ennponeg. 

H CNT xai to POUM pnaivouv antv Ku^epvnon 

mg KataAuviag 

H dpuva ing MaSpitng 

To Aa'ixd Meiwno pe npdtaon tou Koppouvionxou 

Kdppaiog aqranAigei ng Epyanxsg noAiToqwAaxeg. 

Apxi^ei n oraAivixri xaiaaioAn evdvTia oro POUM 

xai ant CNT 

Euyxpouoeig avdpeaa antv aaruvopia xai 

ng Epyanxeg noAinxpuAaxdg am BapxeAuvn 

Avoixiri eniSean Titg xu|iepvrtang evdvna aroug 

Epydteg mg KataAwviag, Mexd and nevie pEpeg 

ouyxporiaEwv, n enavdaraon auyTpipsrai. 

AoAotpovieg pEAriv tou POUM xai nig CNT 

Nixn tou orpaiau tou 4>pdvxo. <paoiapdg 

eYKaeioiatai antv lanavia yia to endpeva 

ipidvTa EUTd xpdvia. 




npoAoros 



Ka8&>? o 20o? aiawa? cpidvei am Soon xou, to auampa PpioKetai {JuBiouevg 
as pia paBia omovopiKri Kpian. navwdg nou auyKAovizEi k6Be ioqo ia xpnpati- 
anipia, exei (pepEi omv eniKaipomia mv auzninan yia in Sekqetiq tou '30, inv 
nponyoopEvn jiEydAn Kpian tou KamiaAiopou. And ia dp9pa on? E<pnp£pi8eg p£- 
xpi too? tpanEziiE?, 0A01 Bupouviai 10 Kpax tou 1929 kqi pe aycovia avapccmoo- 
viai av n loiopia Ga EnQvaAn<p9£i. 

H Kpian nou gEKivnoE ro 1929 Sev Epeive [idvo ainv owovopia. Meoa as Atya 
xpdvio pEioTpannKE as noAmm Kpian. And m pia nAeopd, oSnynOE os ouyxuon 
Kai as SiaonaaEi? ng iSieg ng dpxouaE? idgEig, And mv oAAn, ecpeoe epyaimh avii- 
OTaan, EgEyEpaeig, enavaataaeig. 

In? apxsg in? SEKQEiia? too '30 o KannaAiapdg eixe pig~Ei EKaioppupia EpydiE? 
ainv avEpyia koi m <pt<S>xeia. Imv fEp|iavia, mv [mAia, ainv Auaipia Kai mv 
FIopioyaAia Eixav EyKa9i8po0Ei cpaaiaiiKa Ka8eaid)ia taaKizoviag ue pappapdin- 
xa KdGs aviiaiaon, Lmv Pcaaia, 10 EpyaiiKO Kpdxo? ioo 1917 eixs auvipi^ei and 
inv araAiviKn avienQvamaan kqi n E^ouaia fSpiaKoiav aia xspia \im wea? ypa<psi- 
oKpaiiKn? dpxooaag Ta^ng. 

To ^eanQopa mq Ianavixng Enavdaiaan? iov louAn too 1936 (pooviwaE p§ 
E?ini8eg tcov aooiaAiaiwv oe dAo iov Koapo. Hiav n zmviavn andSsi^n on n (pnb- 
xEia Sev niav jjovdSpopo?, on n dvo8og tou (paaiopou kqi noAspog 8ev tiiav a- 
vondcpEUKia npaypaia, on unnpxE pia evaAAaKiiKii 8ie£oSoc; and mv Kpian, 

Emv lanavia, inv EKAoyiKn viKn 100 Aa'mo6 Meninoo i»v KoiipdiGiv mc, api- 
oiEpag lov^AE^dpn too 1936, mv 0KoAo68naav |jaziKEg anspyieg ang ndAEig koi 
KaioAnipEig pEyaAfflv aypoKinpdnov omv unaiOpo. ^o^iapevoi and auni inv EKpn- 
gn, 01 piopnxavoi, 01 iponEzirEg kqi 01 yaiOKinnovEg mpacpnKav yia npoataaia 
atov oipaid kqi oioug cpaoiaiE? too OTpamyou <t»pavKo. 

Oiav on? 17 looAn OpavKo gfKivnaE to (paaionKo npagwdnnua, n KuPspvn- 
on tou Aai'Kou MEtinoo zninOE and tou? epydTsg va KaOriaouv naoxoi aia anina 
Toug. Op&)g, n Epyaimn iag*n 8ev undKOOOE. ApxiaE va opyavavei pdvn mg mv a- 
vTiaraan kqi nEpviviag ptoa and 10 Kauivi in? avntpaoianKiig naAng ePoAe as ap- 
qjiaPninon oAdKAnpo 10 auompa in? EKpeidAAeoang nai mg KaianiEong kqi exii- 
as ia QepEAia mg Binng in? Egduaia?, 

Ie ko9e xrapo SouAeio? 01 EpyaiiKE? EnitponE? nnpav en a xepia toog tov sAey- 
xo m? napaycoyng. In? yEiioviE? mg BapKEAcovng, 01 EpyatiKE? noAiiotpuAaKE? ko- 
vdvizav inv Siavopn lav xpocpiufflv, inv laipmh n£pi9aAipn, inv KOivaviKii npdvoia. 

IZOANIA 1936 5 



Iia xtcpd, oi aypdiec: KatEAafJav 1a xtopdcpia kqi dpxiaav va KaAAiEpyouv ouhhovi- 
ra in yn. H noAEpwn npoanaQeia yia inv andKpouan tcov cpaaiaTcov otnpix8nKE 
ma EVonAa otopata nou opyavcoSnKav am paon tq>v auv6mata)v, cms "piAiBiECj". 

Oi Epydiec; kqi oi aypdiecj in? lonavfa? 8ev niav povoi touc;. And rnv yEiioviKn 
roAAia pecpi u? HfTA, <]>ouvtcove to Kfvnpa icov anEpvxov kqi tcov KaiaAnipetov ma 
Epyoordaia- A£Kd6ec; xiAidSE? aycovicnecj ano 0A0 iov Kdapo nhyaivav mrw lona- 
via yia va noAEpnoouv tov cpaaiaud. 

Opco?, aotn n Enavdtnaon 6ev viwiOE. Av and in pia nAeupa unnpxav oi spya- 
dke? emiponEc; rai oi EnavaaidtEc;, and tnv dAAn (JpiaKOvrav to EooiaAiatwd kqi 
to KoppauviaiiKd Kdppa nou ntav Evdvria 01 nv Enavdaraon koi EneSiamav iov 
aupPifJatnid. To Koppouvionxd Kdppa EnixsipnaE and tnvapxri va pdAei cppaypo 
oncj npcoiopouAiES icov epyaicbv yia va unv priEi oe kivSuvo n ouvepyaaia tou pE 
toucj Aiyoaiouc; aatoucj noAniKOuc; nou 5ev Eixav nspdaEi avoixtd p£ Tn ptpid iou 
tt>pdvKo. Aev ii8eAe va xaAdoouv 01 auppaxSEs rou ItqAivue 115 Suiikec; xufSEpvii- 

CTE1CJ, 

Aeov TpdtOKi, av koi Kaico and noAu SlxtkoAec; ouvSiikecj, ntav o pdvos nou 
and tnv npcotn oriypn ouveSeoe pE JjEKdOapo ipdno inv ndAn Evdvria otov cpaai- 
apd pE Tnv aoaiaAiOTiKti enavdataan koi tov EpyatiKii e^ouoia. Aucnuxci^ n enip- 
pon tou pEydAoo Enavaaidtn dtav noAu" ptKpn via va oAAaJJEi inv nopeia tou Epcpu- 
Aiou HoAepou. H fiidAuon tcov EpyatiKcbv Emtponcbv kqi ins noAnocpuAaKiic; xai to 
xiunnpa tcov EnavaoiaiiKwv opyavcboEcw and inv KUpEpvnon tou AoTkolj Meico- 
nou dvoi^E to Spdvo yia in viKn 100 (ppdvKO. 

£inv EAAdSa, 1a zninpaio nou avtipEicbnizE to epyanxd Ktvnpa iiiav napdpoia 
PE rnv lonavia. Tov Man tou 1936 01 anEpyoi EpydtES in? 0£aaaAovi'Kns e§gy£p- 
6nxav koi yia ipeicj pEpecj nhpav ara xEpia iou? iov eAevxo dAncj in? ndAnc;. Oucos, 
n nyEaia tou KKE cppEvapE autoucj iou? aycovEcj yia va pn SiaAuaEi tn auppaxia 
tn; ue to BewzeAiko Kdppa. H EcJEyEpon nttn9nK€ kqi Aiyoog privEcj apyoiEpa o 
MEia^dc; EnEpaAs in 6mtaiopia tou. 

Itnv lonavia 668nKE n pEyaAutEpn pdxn tn? Epyanxn? 16^05 ]it cttoxo inv 81- 
Kri ins EnavaaiaiiKii 5i££o8o and tnv nponyoupEvn pEydAn Kpion iou ouairipa- 
to<;. SKond? auiou iou Pi^Aiou - nou KUKAocpdpnoE yia npatn tpopd iov Oxiwppn 
iou 1995 Kai ypnyopa E^avrAdQnxE - Eivai va pEiacpEpEi inv Epneipia ins lonaviKn? 
Enavdaiaong nai va PydAsi ta anapaiima oupnEpdopaia yia tic; anpspivE? pdxE? 
tcov epvawbv koj in? vEoAaia?. 

Kworo? nirraq 
rsvapnq 1999 



IZHANIA 1936 




H IIOPEIA nPOS THN EIIANAETAZH 

Ztiq apx^ thc SeKaeTlat; tou '30, n lonavia r^Tav pia xiiipa pe tvTOvec; 
Ta^iKfe<j avTiStoeic;. H raTdppcuon t^ oTpaTiamKilc; duaaToplaq tou rtplpo 
vte Pt|3epa to Tevapn tou 1930 koi f] avaTponfi tou paoiX\6 AAtp6voou tov 
Anpl\n tou 1931 onpdSeipav to t;EKlvripa piac; nepidoou d^uvanc; ^ xa^iK^ 
ndAnq nou KatEAn^e otov EpipuAio ndAEpo to 1 936. 

noiQ f|iav n KOTaoraori ornv tonavla otic; apxec; Ttiq SEKaettac; tou '30; 

H npotAaan tou BiopnxaviKou KanitaAiopou othv Euptimn elxe atpfioei 
noAu niou ttiv icmaviKri oiKOvopla, pia oiKOvopla nou am. oidpseia tou 16ou 
koi 17ou aicbva ritav and tiq mo avarrruYPEvec; o'oAdKAripo tov Kdapo. Inc. 
apxec; tou attbva ^ac t\ lonavia auv5uac;E to xapaKTnpioTiKd twv pEydAcvV 
KaniTaAionKlov xwp^v triq AutikYic Euptbrrn*; tqut6xpovo pe ttiv oypotiki 1 ! u- 
navamu^n; n Piopnxovla nTav ouYKEvrpajpEvn oe Alya kevtpo, nEpmuKAune- 
vTi and pta eaXaaoa aYpOTidq as piao-(pEOuoapxiKe(; ouv6f[Kcq. Oi aypdTE<; 
anoTEAouaav to Tpla tetopto tou ouvoAikou nAnSuopoO. H cvonolriori at t- 
va e6vik6 KpaTOc; 5ev eIxe oAonAnPwflel »i ornv npaYparndTnTa n xcopa na- 
peiieve pia xaAapr^ opoonovJla pe e vtovec; eSvikec; anooxioriKEc; tqoek;. H 
KpanKi 1 ! YpaipEioKpaTla pe kevtpo Tn«; ttiv enapxla ttic; KaaTlArT; elXE auppa- 
X0 Tnv navTo5uvapii EKKAnola. Itnv lepapxla tou orpaTOu KuptapxoOaav 01 
a^iwpaTLKol and oikoyeveiec; YatoKTriMdvt*iv, nou elxav oianAEKdpeva ouptpe- 
povra pe thv KpaTtKi^ ypatpEiOKpaTla koi Tnv EKKAnata. TeAocj, ri aoTiKh toSh 
i^tov Tdaa orEvd Sepevn me to povapxiKd Ka8eaTcjq koi tou<; yaiOKTi'ipovEc;, 
ti}OTE va pnv toAu.6 va aptpioflr|Tf|a£i tiq ptooipEOuSapxiKec; aYpoTwec; 6opEQ, 
va AOoei to eSviKd ^Tripa f| va auYKpauorel pe thv EJjauala tou KAr^pou. 

Itti anevavn 6x8n BpiaKdTav r\ lanaviKn. epyotiki^ Td^n nou avamuadTav 

linANIA 1936 7 



ME paydaiouc; puSuoiic;: e(xe StnAaoiatrrei avdUEoa crro 1910 Km oro 1930. H 
pto[inxavla njav auYKEVTpwuEvri oe teooepic nspioxEQ. Etj) Xupa tuv Bd- 
okcov he Tiq uxyaAEt; xaAupoupyiec; m\ to vaunn.yEia, era av8paKwpux£ta 
thq AoToupiaQ, ottiv nptoTEuouoa MaopiTn koi OTnv KaToAtovia dnou fauoav 
ndvcu and Tout; ujoquc; tonavaut; spying. TeAoc;, ottiv Av&aAouoia unn,pxav 
nEpinou 800.000 qypepyqtec; nou SouAeuov ara TEpdaria KTfpaTa twv yato- 
KTT|HdV(0V, to AaTupouvna. 

To 1931 usTd and pia YEViKh. anEpyia kqi ekAoye<; n uovapxia avaipdnn.- 
ke. H via AnMOKpaiiKii (Republicana) KuPEpvnan, rtou OTqv nyscta xr\<; ku- 
piapxouoov <piA£A£u8Epot aorol ePoAe oav otoxo va k6vei mv lonavia uia 
ouyxpovn KaniiaAiOTiKrj koivoBouAeutikti 5nMOKpaT(a. O^q, and to ^ekivh- 
\id xnq PuBlaTHKE OS pia pa6ia Kpion, Kai ordBnKE aviKavn. va otiroei Auoek; 
otq BaaiKd npoBArinaTa nou avTiusTCbm^E r| lanaviKf] raivaivia - iqv aypon- 
Kfj uxTappuBiiLori, tov KUpiapxo pdAo tou otpotou Kttl iriv e^ouaia Tnt; 
EKKArpiac;. 

To An.U0Kpa™d Kaeearcbq anooeix8n.KE ovIkovo va npoxtupfiOEt oe uia a- 
YpoTiKri urrappoepian., EnEiBn, oi KaniiaALcrrEc; yaioKTniiovEt; raieixav to ev- 
veo Sekotq tti<; ync;, exovroq avTiKOTaorfioGi ttiv uioQ-ipsoudapxiKf] apiaio- 
KpaTia. "Av *ai oe npcoTdyovn. KaTdoraor}, o KamTaAiou.6c; njav o Kupiapxoc; 
Tponoc; napaywYiiQ ara AaTitpouvna f\or\ and to uioa tou 19ou awi)va'(l). Ot 
Piopnxavot )JOtpd(ovTQv to i5io oupcpEpovTa ux tt\v aonKh. Td^n, Tn.c, unai- 
8pou, Touq KaniTaAiOT£c. YaiOKTfipovEt;. Etoi n pETappu8u.iOT) E^eAix8r)K£ ku- 
ptoAEtrriKd oe andTn. "METd and 5udpiOT| xpdvia pdvo 45.000 EKrapia dAAa- 
£av x£pta npoc; dtpEAoc; u.dvo 6.000 - 7.000 0YP0Tii)v"(2). EKOTopuxipia aypd- 
tec; E^aKoAouBnoav va uivouv xwplq vr|- AAAd ok6u.o Kai oi EAdxtoroi aypd- 
tec; ttou "EnwipsA^eriKav" avayKdarnKav va nAipcooouv uzydAEC ano^rpw- 
OEiq arouq yaioKTfmovEi;, To 1934 oi nspioptapEVEt; auiec; pEiappueuioeiq 
KaTapyft6r|Kav Kat TurtiKd. 

Ta uxydAa ouu.<pepovTa Tn,c; aoTiKrjc; T6$p; amy aypOTiKti aiKOVCUla af\- 
u.aivav oti oto pnAoK Trjq E^ouoiaq tujv yaiOKTnudvtov, tcov piopiixavuv kqi 
tow ^EyaAEnnoptov, Kupiapxn hTav t\ oAiyapxia ttjc; unaiBpou. Aurii rj tgAeu- 
xaia Eix£ |jeyciAe(; 5ioouv5eoeic; \iz touq otpotiwtikouc;. Oi nsptaodTEpoi a- 
^icoiiOTiKoi npoEpxdvTouoav and to u.eaaia orpw^aTa tw yatOKTTindvcov. Kai 
o lonaviKdc; arpoTdc; xapaKTripi^oTav and unepacpSovia a^iconaTiKdiv: 

8 IinANIA 1936 



Ta TeAsuiaia xpdvia tn? uovapxias, unnpxav 17.000 a^iupaiiKoi (ouujiEpiAa[i- 
(Javouivaw Kai 195 arpQinviv) yia 150.000 cpaviapoui; - pia avahoyia evdq a- 
liaHiaTmou yia koBe evw6 qvooes koi ev6? aipatnyou yia koBs 773 arpaTiia- 
ie?! Hiav koiv6 puoriKd 6ti n Siarnpnan auiou tou tfipdariou jinxavioiioo e(xe 
oav otdxo oxt inv avtipETwnian tov exSpav tn? lonaviag, aftftd mv EniBoAn 
in? td§n? oro eaatEpiKoO). 

H ArjMOKpaTiKq uETappu8Mian. oro orpaTd 8ev npoxtiipnoE nEpioooTspo 
and Tnv aypoTiKJi. To novo nou vou.o8£Tna£ riTav va owoei Kivnipa yia npd- 
aipn auvTa^o5dTT|OTi „ ^noAAauq a^iaiuaTtKouc;. Q\m<;, auid Evioxuae tti 86- 
at\ tuv MovapxiKtliv \itoa. oro orpaTd, atpou oi AriuoKpaTiKoi a^iuuaTLKoi i\- 
Tav oi npxbTOi nou ETpE^av va £nd)(j>EAn8ouv Kai va EyKaTaAEiiiiouv Tn, ouoko- 

An OTpaTltflTlKl'l E|ti)f|. 

luonEiptopEvn yupa) and tov orpaTd r)Tav (puawd r\ 6AAn avTifipaoTiKf] 
Suvapn Tnt; xtiipaq, n EKKAr|0(a, U H EKKAnaia ot^v lanavia th SEKOETia tou 
'30 nepiEAduBave otic; Ta^eit; thq 80.000 KaAdyepouq Kai KaAdypiet; Kai 
35.000 nand6ec;"(4). O i5eoAoyik6c; Tnt; pdAoq niav Kpiaiuat;. 

H iSeoAovikA Kupiapxia m? EKKAnoia? - am SEKaeila tou '30, atAa koi aiov 
nponyoupEvo amva ■ mav anotE^eaiia m<; aviKavoima? in^ aariKiis ta^n^ va 
qiEpEi oe rsEpas Tn 6ikti mq iSeoAoyiKd Ercavdataon. And mv nEptoob tng ano- 
AuiapxSas, n EKKAnaia ntav n nnyn oAtov tov iSEoAoynpaTtiiv nou 6waioAo- 
yoLkjav xnv KataniEOn kqi mv avoxn koi xpeidzovrav via in Siampnon tou ou- 
oinjjaTodS). 

Oucoq koi oi 8pn,OK£imK£q pETappuBpfaEic; Tn,c; An,poKpaTiaq anETuxav, 
ApxiKd EnixEipnBnKE o Biaxtupiopdq KpaTouq koi EKKAnaiaq, o nspiopi- 
0|i6q TTiq epnoKEUTiKiiq EKnaiBEuoriq, n Eiaaywyri tou 6ia<uyiou koi tou no\i- 
tikou ydpou. H avriopaori tou KAfipou njav TEpdana. H Kpiaq e^eA(x8iike pa- 
y6a(a koi TEAiKd n KuBEpvnon 5iaondOTnK£. H veo KuPEpvnan dpxiaE oue- 
aiot; Tiq napaxwpnaEiq ottiv EKKAnoia. Kai auTf) pEToppuSpian epsive ara 
XapTid. 

Ta xpovia ttiq AriMOKpariac; f|Tav xpdvia yevikeum^ vnc; KOivcuviKf|t; avaTa- 
pax^q. Avd^Eoo 1929 - 1933 r\ nayKdapia KantTaAicrnKn, Kpion odpcovE dAeq 
Tiq oiKavou.iEC.. H PiopnxaviKii napaytoyn tneae 6pauoTiKd. Ie dAn Tn 5idp- 
KEia tou 1931 ri nsoETa n.Tav kotio and ouvExeic; niEoEic; unoTiun.on,<;, evtb oi 
KEpBooKdnoi Enaipvav to KEtpdAaid touc; oto e^wtepik6(6). H utpsori oveBo- 

IZnANlA 1936 9 



0£ ttiv avepYia oto Ofyr\. Or unoupyoi thc KupEpvn.on,c; nou avrjrav aro lo- 
oiaAiormd Kdppa (PSOE) - o unoupydc; OirovopiKtuv, FlpisTO koi o unoupyoc; 
Epyaoiac, AdpyKo KapnayiEpo, Epoiafcv aviKavoi va Epno5iaouv auni Trjv 
Karacrraan. Om^c; oi spying 5ev OExrriKav to (jo(pa touc; naenjiKd. To ko- 
Aoraipi tou 1931 "^eonaaav aAAEn6AAn,Asc; ariEpyiEc;, oapnoTdc;, piaiEc; au- 
YKpouocic; ps Tnv aoTUVopia"(7). 

Tit; nptirrec; pepEt; tou 1932 oi Avapxirai opydvaraav ma E^eyEpori ornv 
KaraAuvla. H KuPEpvnon. KOTeorEiAE vptiyopa Tqv e^Yepon, ouveAape noA- 
Ad and to nyETiKd areAexn ttic; C.N.T. koi me F.A.I.* rat touc; E^opioe crrnv i- 
onaviKh, Couivca. 

Eva xpovo uxt6, to 1933, aKoAouBnoE pia ceuTEpn, evonAn. EEEyEpan, 
oiTiv BapKEAuvr), ttiv AEptSa rat ttiv SaAevSia. 

H Kuftepvnan avaKoivaae on 8a nAeioei to vpatpsia in? C.N.T. aAAd onofiei- 
x0nKE aviaxupn va EmfSdWiEi inv andcpaon trt?. AviiOeio, ipsi? pnvs? apyoTE- 
pa n CN.T. ?EKlvnos uia anspyia tcov owo6di,iei>v orn BapKE?i6vn nou Kpdinae 
OEKaoKicb j35otidSE?. VnnKtq arapyiE? aupnapamaanc; otou? oiko6ou.ou? dvi- 
vav Kai am lapaydoa, inv Kopouvia. to OfSiEOO kqi in l£^iAn(8}. 

AapYKo Kapnayispo, o n,Y£Tr)Q tou lootaAiaTiKOu Koppaioe. koi Tnq 
U.G.T.", oav unoupyde Epyaoiac enspaAe pia aeipd ano vdpout; nou neptb- 
pifcv to 5moiwpa ottjv anxpyia. Ha napd5E(yu.a, oi EpydTEc snpenE v'awo- 
koivojoouv Tnv artspyia oktoi pspsc; npiv ano to $eKlvn,u.a Xffa, 

flapbAa outO, "oi anEpyiEC,, to pnoiJKOTdc; kqi oi svonAsc; e^eyEpoeic; ou- 
VExiaTTiKav oe dAr) Tn.v lonavia xtopiq 5iaKorrh,"(9), Tov IsnTEpppn, tou 1933, 
6tov napaiTrieriKE r\ npmr\ An,u.oKpaTiKfi Kupcpvnon. tou ABdvia, otic; cpuAa- 
keq ppiOKOvrav nEpinou 9.000 noAmKOi KpaTOupevoi, oi nspioodTEpoi avap- 



* H C.N.T., Confederation National del Trabajo (EBviKfi luvoiioonov&ia Epya- 
aia?) riiav n auvSiKaAiotmn opydvtoon taw avapxoouv&KaAiaiaw. Ta nyeiiKa 
oieAexn m? C.N.T. nrav taurdxpova koi pe?in in? F.A.I., Federacion 
Anarquista Iberica (Ipnpwn AvapxiKn Ou.oanov6fa), nou anoiEAouoe inv noAm- 
Kfi opyovaian tov avapxiK«v 

" H UGT, Union General de Trabajadores (Tevatf Epyaiwn Evcoon), nrav n lu- 
vopoanovSia nou ouvSeotov [i£ rov IooioAioiiko Koppa. Zmv i5ia Zuvopo- 
onovSia avnxav koi ta ui?in rou KoiipouvionKou Kouiiotck;. 

10 IIHANIA 1936 



XtKoi, ouMtpaiva pE tq Entoripa oTOixeia{10). 

Ot opveiiKEt; ^toiic yia Touq epydTEc; nai touc; aypoTEc, aAAd koi to enine- 
6o tojv aycovtov, sixav pia Ka6o5iKf] nopEia u.et6 t^v avTiKOTdoTaon ttic ke- 
vrpoapiorepfic; KuPEpvnaric; and pia KEVTpoSe^id tov XEnrE^ppn tou 1933. 

Ito ouo xpovta avapcoa ara teAti tou 1 933 koi tic; apxsQ tou 1 936, oto 
bienio negro (paupn, Siexia). oi epyoSotec; nEpaoav oTrjv avTEniBEori pe Tnv 
unoorrpEn. trie; KuPEpvriaric; koi tou OTparou. Oi pio8oi EnEoav, evu oi tiuec; 
avEpriKav ki dAAo. 

Oi npo9ea£i? in? via? Kufteovnan? cpdvnKav ypnyopa. Meoo oe Wye? |36opd- 
8ec; dha ta apxmd vopoSErnuaia in? luvtaKiiKn? ZuvEAEuan? yia too? lii- 
0606? koi OS ouvSriKe? Epyaoia? avaKAii8nKav n unoPaupiotnKav. H npoora- 
aia rcov evoikiootcov ayporcbv and n? auQaipErs? eEjcqoe!? KoiapynOnKE. ITav© 
and 9.000 aypoiE? nou Eixav EyKaraoraOEi ora psydAa aypoKrnpara rn? 
Eoipepaooupa nErdxinKav ££». Oi yuoQo\ sneoav Kaid 40 li kqi 50%(1 1). 

Oi epydTEc;, pE rr]v nY^oia Kupia tt)c; C.N.T., 6ev KaSrtoav \iz oraupupeva 
to xepia. Stic; 8 AeKE(jppn tou 1933, ^ecmaoE pia e^yepori oe noAAd x^pia 
Trie; ApayKdv. It dAAEq nEpioxsc; * OTnv Av5aAouoia, orr) BoAevSio koi am, 
Kopouvia - opyavcb6r|Kav an£pyie<; koi o Kdopoc E^aypitopevoc; yia tov Ppd- 
ulko pdAo tou KAiipou SKQips noAAEc EKKArioist;, Movo ol EpydTEc; ir]c; Kaia- 
Awviaq, E^ouSEVtupEvoi and touq ayLbvec; Tn,c; nporiY ou M EVT K XP°viac, nape- 
pcivav r^pEpoi. Opaic., r\ E^EyEpon dsv dvTE^E. H KUpEpvnoti eoteiAe kqlvoup- 
yia OTpaTEupara kol peto and Teoospic pEpEq KOTdpPtuoE va KaTaoTEtAEi 
T0Uce^EY£pMEVouc;(12). 

To MdpTn tou 1934 - pdvo TpEic p5opd5ec peto ttiv KOTaoToAii xrtc; £t;e- 
YEporiq - pio vsa yevikfi onEpyio ^EcmaoE orn, lapayboa. KpdTrioE evo pr|va 
koi otti SidpKEid Trie; n ndAn vEKpwae. 

H KQTdoraori oAAqEe otic; 4 OKTciiPpri tou 1934 he ttiv eiooSo xriQ CEDA 
ornv KUpepvrion. H CEDA lixav Eva peTiono dAtuv tcov Se^itbv KOppdTcuv p£ 
TT|v HYEOta tou TkiA PdpnAEc. Irr|v npaypaTiKdiriTa EpoiaEJE noAu p£ to ovti- 
5paarira Kdppa tou Nt6Acpouq othv AuaTpla, pia piaotpaaicrriKh opydvcoori 
pE otevouc; Ssopouc; pe inv EKKArioia. 

H avdpvrion jrn^ evonAn,c; avTlcrraortc tojv Epyartov ttic; AuoTpiaq EvdvTia 
otouq va^i to r ^AEPdpr) tou '34 hjav noAu vunri. To ouv8n.u.a "KaAuTEpa 
Bi£vn,, napd BEpoAivo" dpxios v'aKOdyETai and to ordpaia 6Ao kqi nEpiood- 

IinANIA 1936 11 



tedcov epyanbv. Etoi, 6tov n CEDA \mf\Ki 0Tnv KupEpvn.ari, r\ qyEOia tou lo- 
oiaAiariKou KdppaToc; KaAeae oe YeviKh. anepyia rat evonAn. e^eyEpoTi one; 5 
OKrcbppn.. 

To EnavaoiatiKd Kwpa nou OKoAouOnaE ^anaoe lautdxpova as tpeie Siacpo- 
peiiKE? neptoxE? - omv BapKEAdwn, am Maopftn koi aia avOpaKapuxeia m? 
Aoioupra?. In? a?ih£g enapxfe? in? lonavia?, 6nou n UGT ntav Swain, opya- 
vcoOnKov vevike? anEpyiE? ass ndAei?, aAAd 6cv unnpfjav Piaie? ouyKpouaei?. 
Iinv unaiOpo EniKpatnae npqiia, eneiSn n anepyia tou nponyoupEvou louvn £i- 
xe efouQevwoEi tou? KapiiEoivo? (tou? Epydie? in? yn?)(13). 

H CNT, avTanoKpi9qKE crro KdAeapa novo OTnv nepioxn Ti"|C; Aoroupiac;. 
To J;unvn.pa 'tcov 20.000 avOpaKtopuxcuv Tf|c; Aoroupiac;... Tpdpa^E xr\v aonKh. 
Ta^n Kai nupoSdTnoe ttvv aYavbKTnan. bAnc; tif^ epyanKhc; rd^nc; Tn,c, lona- 
vlac;"(14). I~ia 6uo poopdoec; 01 avSpawopuxoi ztyflv otgv fcAeyxo touc; tic; 
KoiAdoec; nov opuxeitov koi avnoTd0n.Kav o9Evapa one; sraefeoeiq tou OTpa- 
tolj tou lTpo.Tn.YoO OpavKO nou tov eoteiAe n KuPepvn,OT] yia va KaTaatetAEi 
ttjv e^yepor]. 

H EK5iKnoT| Tn.c; aoriKtiQ ittfio; Riav aipaTtipn,. 3.000 avflpaKtopuxoi 80A0- 
ipovn.9n.Kav Kai 7.000 Tpaupo.Tiom.Kciv ooBapd. 

Eyivav xiAidek? ouAAnqjei? Kai oi aixpdAoioi (ekio? and EKEivou? nou Sofvxpo- 
vnOnKav Eni idnou) petacpEpOnKov on? aaiuvopiKE? cpukutc? tou OpiE&o. Ekei 
EKieAearnKav paziKdxcopt? va nponynOEi ttapid ear© not lumKn Sinn. Oi cpoha- 
Kiouiuoi nou EHEznoav ecpiaoav tou? 40.000(15), 

loropiKoc; T^epaAvT Mnpevav ypatpei: 

H nAiSidtma Kai n auyxuon m? Ae^iq? petetpeiue inv E^Eyspon in? Aatou- 
pia?, nou ano oipancotiKfi dnoipn ntav eva cpidaKO, oe pia tEpdano nQiKd kqi 
noAitiKn Enituxia. OAo 10 npoteiapidio kqi n aypotid tn? lonavia? ouyKAovi- 
omKE and tov npcmopd tcov av9paKcopux«v kqi ^EonKfi)9nKe and ayavaKinan 
yia tnv xapi? e?ieo? KaiaatoAn tn? E^eyepan?. Auto e'lxe ouveoeie?, ifiiaitEpa 
amv auction in? enipon? tcov AvapxiKtbv(16). 

Oi pac>£c; KaundviEC; yia niv aneAeuflepwoji Ttov noAtTiKcbv KpaTOupEvcov 
noAAanAaoiOamKav koi rj 5uvapn. rrfq EpyanKn.c; TdE;r|C; (pavriKe omv Dduto- 
payid tou 1935, 6tov t\ KuSepviqcri OTdOnKE avtKavri va EpnoSioet m yevrnf) 

12 IinANIA 1936 



anepyia orov iSiuitiko Topta. 

O ^eonKcapoc; arriv AcrtoOpia); njav npdAoyoc; Tr]c; apiOTEpdoTpoipnt; 
nopeiaq nou KOTeAri^e ottiv f|na mc; Ae^idc; xai tt) viKn. tou AaiKoii McTunou 
otic; yeviKtt; ekAoyec; ttic; 16 OAepapti tou 1936. AuTn. r\ ekAoyikti f|na eotoae 
vta wt}!\ar\ om,v lonaviKfi enavaoraan,. 



AnO TH NIKH TOY AAIKOY METQnOY 
STH cDASISTIKH ANTAPZIA 

To Aa'iKo MEtcono 6n.ptoupyn8r|KE oav uia ekAoyiki 1 ! auppaxla tcov Anpo- 
KpaTiKtbv cpiAeAeueeptov aorcbv ps to KdppaTa kqi nq opyaviisoEic; Tn.q epya- 
TiKfjq Tdl;nt;' To orpaTdneSo tcov AnpoKpanKcbv nepieAbpPavE thv Ariponpa- 
TiKf) Apitncpd tou MavousK Aflavta, ttjv AnpoKpaiiKii Evtoon. tou Mndpio, ia 
5uo eSviKioriKd KdppaTa rriq KaToAtoviac; koi inv eniaric; e9vixiOTiKii BaoKiKh, 
ESviKft Apaor). 

And Tn.v TtAfiupa tcov epyaTiKCbv KoppdTcov Kai opyavtboEcov ouppETEixav 
to looiaMariKd Kdppa (PSOE), n. EpyaTmn Iuvopoonov5ia tou, n. UGT, to 
KoppouvicrtiKd Kdppa lonaviar; koi to Eviaio looiaAiOTind Kdppa KaraAw- 
viai; (PSUC - to KaTaAaivixd KK}. To koivo npdYpappa tou Aqikou METcbnou 
untypatliav aKdpa to EpyaTwd Kdppa Map^iariKfic; EvoTrjiaq (POUM) koi pia 
nrepuya tt)C; avapxiKfic; EpyanKfic; luvopoanovfiiac; CNT (oi TpEivTioraQ"), 
av koi ot 5uo TeAeuTaioi EKcppd^ovrac; tic; eracpuAa^sic; tquc;. 

H KOivopouAeunKii nAtioipntpia tou Aoikou METtbnou hTavnoAu prnpfi kqi 
otpeiAdTav ae pEydAo pa8pd oro on n CNT 5ev aKoAo09noe ttiv napaBooia- 
Kii ardon Trie; anoxnt; nou KpaTOuoe one; ekAoy^. H Kupepvrion nou oxnpa- 
TioTnKE, av Kai crrrip^dTav oto KdppaTa Tqc; apioTEpdc;, anoTEAidTav ano- 
KAeioriKd and uiAn, tcov AnpoKpaTiKcbv, pc npwSunoupyd tov MavoueA A9d- 
via. To npdYpappa tou AaiKou MeTtonou xapoKTrpc^dTav and OKpala pETpio- 
nd9sia. 

Enid? and opiopsva naAid AnpoKpaimd aunpaia yia inv aypoiiKn koi EKnai- 
SeuiiKn pEiappuBpian, to Tlpdypoppa nEpieixE: pEtappuBpioEi? yia peyaAutepo 
KoivopouAeutiKo iAeyxo. yia inv lomicn auio6ioiKnan, inu iSpuon opyavi- 

lEOANIA 1936 13 








Ma6/rfm. flpanqiayid 1 936 
14 IZnANIA 1936 



opwv oiKovopiKn? avaauyKpomanq yia inv npooraaia inc; eAacppiac; Piopnxa- 
viac; kqi mv avdnruSjn toov 8npoaiwv Epycov. Hiav Eva <piAs(\E68epo npdypappa, 
anoKAeitrtiKd peoa aia nAaiaia m? acrciKnc; voptpomiQc; nou ansKAeie auvei- 
8md K69e ooaia/\iaiiK6 aiinpa via KpQTWonoincm in? yn? Kai ttov ipanez6v li 
■ EpyatiKO eAevxo amv ptopnxavia. Eypatps koto. AeJjn: "H BnpoKpaxia nou oi 
AnpoKpatiKoi £m6i6K0UV, 8ev spnvEEiai and kotovikec; kqi oikovopikec; ia{;i- 
kes ovTiAntpei?, aAAd an6 eva odompa SnpoKpaiiKnc; EAEuBspiac; noo unayo- 
peuetai ano to finpooio oupcpspov kqi mv Koivtavwri np6o8o"(17). 

i5ioq o npcueunoupYoq A0avia eAeye oe pia auvEvieu^f] tou orr^v yaA- 
Amn etpripEpioa Paris Soir; "Aev BeAoupe eniKiv5uve<; KQivoxopieq. QeAoupE 
etpnvn KQiTQ^n- EipaorE psTpiona8eic;"(18). 

Optuc;, onotec; Kai av njav oi rrpoSsaeie twv ryyeTtdV tou AaiKOu Mera- 
nou, tq anoTEAeopaTo. tuv ekAoy&v fjTav to oOvSnpa yia eva uc^iko Kai Ka- 
TaiyicrriKO ^Eonaopa tcov Tai;tK(bv aycbvuv, Oi yaAAoi lOTOpiKoi Mnpoue icai 
Teuip YPCKpouv: 

Apeoug peid fig skAoye*;, paziKec; SiaSnAfboei? Eonaaav nc; nopie? tow <poAa- 
k6v kqi aneAeuOepcoaav tou? (puAaKiapEvouc; ano to 1934 EpydiE? xap? va 
nspipEvouv va unoypacpEl to SidTaypa nou napaxapodae apvnaiEia. Etis 1 7 
tWisPapn, tou Enapgvn t»v eKAoyaw, oi SiaSnAmiES m? CNT dvoiJjav 115 q>uAa- 
KE5 in? BaAEvQia, apKEiE? EKaiovraSe? anEA£u6Epw8nKav oto OjSieoo kqi ap- 
KETS5 xiAiaSs? at oAoKAnpn mv Ianavia. Mia pspa apYoTepa E^anaaav ansp- 
yie? oe dAn in xcopa lie aimpa mv anoKaidoTcan tcov npdbnv <puAaKiopEvwv 
Kai mv nAnpapn tojv piaQwv 6A&>v tccv epyaicbv nou (puAaKiamKav koto in 
"paupn BiETia" , auEjnOEi? aioue piaOous koi geATkoan twv ow8nKa>v epya- 
oiag. Ekto? icov anEpyicl)v ps KaOapd auvBiKaAioTiKa aimpara, unnpxav Kai a- 
nepyie? nepiocroTepo noAmm? tpdan?, anspyiE? oupjiapdoTaon?, loniKE?, ne- 
pitpspEiaKe? kqi yeviKE? anEpyiE?. Oi EpyoSoTE? andvtnoav ps Aokoout koi n 
oiiyKpouan yivdTav 6A0 Kai mo cmAnpn(19). 

Itouc; nEVTE pfjvec; nou araAoOenaav tr; EKAoyst; eyivav 113 yeviKsc; kol 
228 nepicpepeiaKec; ri kAoSikec; anepyiEc;. 

K68e peydAn no An e!xe louAdxiarov pia yEviKn anspyia iouc; tevte auTou? pn- 
vt$. ExeSov evq EKaToppdpio anEpyouaov au<; 10 louvn 1936. FlEvtaKdaTES 
xiAioSec; 0T15 20 louvn, Evq EKaioppupio ai\<; 24 lodvn Kai ndvca and evqeko- 

[EnANIA 1936 15 




Apayxdv, Avyouoioq 1936. Ot ayp6tE<; Kaia?x^amw ra aypotafyaia. 
loppupio us np<i>ies pipes tod louAn 1936, Oi anepyies adpavav dxi pdvo 115 
noAeis, aAAd Kai tnv unaiOpo. Oi aytbves I{BV aypspyaiaw ijenEpaaav tov ouvn- 
9n nspiopiapd tous 01a 6pia iou xtapiou. Iirw enapxia ms MdAaya n anepyla 
tous KptimaE nevre pSopdOE? Kai acpopouaE 125.000 aypoTwes oiKoyevei- 
£5(20}. 

Im, unaiBpo n. KaTdaraari rjiov npaypaTira EnavaaraTtKf). 

And 10 teAos tou *AEf5dpn kqi yia dAous mus enopevous jjnue^, 01 
asentamientos (01 KaiaAhniEis aypoKinpdicov) odpcovav us enapxies 100 Mna- 
vrax66 Kai mq KaOEpes, petd ins EoTpeuaSoupa, ms KaoiiAnc;, ins AvoaAou- 
oias, Kar ieAos erpiaaav pexpi kqi m Napapa- Ta aypoKiripaia too 6e§ou no- 
Aitikou Kai peyaAoioicpAiKa AAnaAd 9apdpa KaiaAncpenKav tov AnpiAn. To f- 
610 xai auid rou Aouko tou AApnouKEpm. Oi avpdies eyKaiatndOnKav am 
Kinpata wv psyaAov yaioKinpd vw Kai apxiaav va ia KaAAiepyouv yia Swd 
100s Aoyapiaoyd, Ta aipampa £neio65io niav oAAendAAnAa avdpeoa atous 
KaiaAn^ies m in Guardia Civil (mv pionin Uohiwn Aoiuvouia). To mo cm- 
paviiKd eyive 010 TiEoie, Kovid aio AAwdviE, dnou n Guardia Civil auv£Aa8e 
£§ avpdies tiw cbpa nou EKopav 6£vrpa p£oa o'evo pEydAo toiipAiKi. Esaypico- 
pevoi 01 aypoiEs 100 fiecm, onAiapEvot ji£ Smpdwa, oieiAidpro Kai napes era- 



16 



IinANIA 1936 






leflnKav otous aaiuvdpous nou Enaipvav ious auvipdcpous tous. Sin pdxn 
nou OKoAou0no£ OKoici>BnKav oekqokici) ayp6i£s(21}. 

Fkpinou 190.000 aypoiiKes oiKoyeveies KaiEAafJav koi eyKaiaotdSnKav oe 
600.000 EKidpia yns. H ouyKpian pe Tnv aypoiiKn peiappuOpion ins Anpo- 
KpaiiKiis KuPEpvnons iou 1931-33 eivai EviuncooiaKii: t6ie -koi ueiq and 6ud- 
pian xpovia- pdvo 45.000 EKidpia eixav SiavepnOei oe nepinoo 7.000 aypo- 
ies. N Q ViQTi ia yEyovoia avdpeoa mov^Aepapn Kai tov louAn iou 1936 am- 
mo. nepiypacpnKav aav "evas pwpds EpcpuAios ndAepos"(22). 

Oi Biopftxavoi koi 01 yaiOKTiipoveq 5ev niOTeuav oti n KuBepvrian. tou 
AaiKoO McTwnou Ba KaropBibOEi va auYKpaTf|0£i auTn. tt]v aytovionKh. naAip- 
poia. Oi KUpidpxeq id^eic;, KdBe ti nou eixav aav aiaBEpd, to f.BAenav va 
SiaXuEiai Kd™ and tt) 5uvapr| Tn.t; e^EYEpanc; Ttov Epyaidbv koi tuv aypoicbv 
- thv iep6TT|Ta Triq aTopiKiiQ iStOKTnoiac, titv eBvikii evdTiiTa inq lanaviaq, 
tt)v EKKAnoia. tt|v otKoysvEia. R'auTd dpxiaav va oTpetpovrai yia npoaraola 
oTOv orpaTd kqi orouq cpaaioTEq ^nTWVTac; Tn, pafjBEid tou<;. Oi \idx^ avdpe- 
oa crrriv <t>dXayya (to avoiKid tpaoioriKO Kdppa) koi touq aptarepouc; epy6- 
tsc; dpxtaav va yivovtai KaBripspivd tpaivdpevo arouc; Spopouq. 

OA01 KaiaAdBaivav oti n. evonXn auyKpouari avdpEoa otiq duo tiAeupec; 
f]iav avandcpeuKTn,. H avTaycoviOTLKOTTria tou icmaviKOu KaniTaAiapou otic; 
dieBvEic; ayopet; eixe KaTappEuaEi aav anoieAeoua inc; SmAric; nieonq and 
inv nayKdapta ucpEan koi touc; aycbvEc; twv epyaTtbv. H Kpion, tou BdBaive 
pepa pe Tn, pEpa. Ta atpsviiKd EBAsnav pdvo pta 6ie^d5o nou 6a touq EBya^e 
and to adiE^odd touc;: ttjv oAoKAn.pwTLKf| KQTaoTpocpti tou ioiou tou Epyan- 
kou Kivfipaioq. 



H MZIETIKH ANTAP2IA TOY d>PANKO 

H avrapaia tou tpaoiora arpaTriYOLi ctipdvKO £EKivn.ae and thv lonaviKri 
anoiKla tou MapfiKOu arte; 17 louAn 1936. Tic; EndpEveq tpeic; pspsc; to auvo- 
\o axeodv and tic; nEvf|VTa orpaTitimKEc; (ppoupec; otic; ndAeic; ttjc; lonaviac; 
nEpaaE pe ir\ pepid tuv tpaaioriiv. To idio crave koi n ouvipinriKfi nAEioi^rj- 
cpia TT|q dpxouoac; Ta^nQ- rioia, dpcoc, f)Tav n dpeon. avTiopaori tttc; KuBepvn.- 

IZnANIA 1936 17 



on<; tou AaiKou Meicbrau; 

Ta snuEpcouam ms 1 7 loittn o otpamYos tDpdvxo, acpou xaT^Tlape to Mapo- 
ko, eoteiAe pe aauppaTo to pavicpEaio tou oe 6Aes in? cppoupe?. To anpa to 
"ehickje" Evas xEipimn? aoupu.diou moid? arnv KuPEpvnan, kojiou oe jua 06- 
on tou voutikou kovto am Ma6pim. ApEOG* ewiuepwe tov Ynoupyd Naun- 
k&v. Onus, n KupEpvnon 6ev yvcoatonoinaE to veo napd novo mis 9 to npcoi 
mq 18 louAn. Akouq koi t6is to udvo nou ekove niav va 0ydA£i pia avaKoivco- 
an 6ti n x»pa ppioKdmv koico and tov nMpn sAEyxo in? Kup^pvnans. Ako- 
AouOnoav oAAes 6uo avaKoivcoaEis, n lEteuiafa on? 3.15 to and V £U|ja. Ekej- 
m in arivpn n mjpipvnon eixe nia oAoKAnpcopEvn Ewdva via mv EKtaon in? a- 
viapoias. TvtopizE on oi motoi aiovtDpdvKo at>panKoi eixav KaiaAdpEi mv 
IsPiAn. riapdAa auto n tEkuiaia avoKofvaxm eAeve: u H wjpepvnon EnavEpxE- 
T Ql oio Bspa yra va £nip e pai<BOEi on oe dAn mv ipnpiKri Xepaovnoo EniKpatEi 
andAutos np£pia"(23). 

Maeaivovraq yta mv tpaoioriKfi aviapoia oi epydTEQ anairnaav va touc; 
5o6ouv onAa via va apuvSouv, Opwc;, n Kuflfipvnor) aneiAnox ait onoiooSh.- 
TiOTE Lioipa<e bnAo otov k6o M o 6a ToutpEKi^dtav. Autt) n a5pav£ia epi^e pa 
oeipa noAsit; ora xepia twv (paoioTuiv. cpiAeAeuSspoq loiopiKOt; Xiou T6- 
Mac; ypdipei: 

Oi nptbiES Ei5no£is nou 668nKav oin Snpoaidmra and mv Kupepvnon rirav to 
npwf tn? 18n ? louAn, 6tav o pafiio^viKos aiaOuds m? Mafipims avdyysjAE 
on "koveis, anoAui©s roveis OTnv nnEipoimn lonavia 6ev eixe AdpEi uspos oe 
auiri Tnv napdAovn auvopaala, n onoia", unoax6tav n KupEpvnan. "auvropa 
6a ouvrpigoiav aro MapoKo". Onus, zv& am MaSpim o noapos qkouve au- 
Td ta Adyia xwpis va noAu5iv£i eumoiooovn, omv npaypatiKdmia tpaoioiiKE? 
avrapoiES Eixav ^EondaEi oe oAdKAnpn mv AvSaAouaia. ZxeSov navtou oi ku- 
pEpvniiKoi Eniiponoi ouq uevoAes noAac; aKoAouBnoav to napaoayua in? ku- 
Ptpvnon? koi apvn9iiKav va ouvEpyaarouv tie tig opyavcisoEig ins EpyatiKn? TO- 
Cng, oi onoiE S anaitouoav va tou? SoBouv 6nAa. Ze toAAes nEpmrwoEis autn n 
avTipEi^nion ntav n paomn ania yia mv sniTuxia Tn S tpaaiotiKns avtapoias 
ko] otoixiOE to Sdvato koi ttov [6icov tuv Kup£pvniiKo)v Enitponuv, Ka9d> s koi 
tov nyEKbv tav EpyatiKtbv opyavuoEw. Eav n <paoiOT)Kri ovrapoio ei'xe yivEi 
Taui6xpova at 6Uq ug EftapxiES m S lonavias on S 18 louAn, noAu ra6av6 ue- 
xpi ti? 22 louAn va eSxe epiaiJpEuaEi navtou, omq apxmd elxe npopAE<p9Ei. Av 
18 URANIA 1936 






6p<os n qjikAEuflEpn KU^EOvnon eixe poipdoEi 6nAa koi eixe oiatd^Ei koi ti? to- 
niKES apxES va kovouv to i6io, xpnoinononfavtas tnv EpyaiiKn idt;n yia tnv un£- 
pdoman m$ AnpoKpaiias, noAu niBavo n avTapoia va ejxe ouvtpiPei and tnv 
npaiu onyiJn(24). 

Oiaajc; oi epydTec; 5ev Kd0rioav va nept|isvouv |je oTaupwpcva Ta xepia. 
nfipav ttiv nptoTO|3ouAia va Spdoouv and iidvoi touq, dnoic; noAO yAatpupd 
nEpiypdipEi o QeAiE; Mopoou: 

Ithv i6ia m MaSpiin n ZooiaAiOTiKii NeoAoio dpxioE va iroipdzEi to Aiya dnAa 
nou EixE OTn 6ia6Eon m$. Etpna^E o5o(pp6y^aia oioug Kevtpmou^ K6ii(5ou$ 
Tns ndAns koi yupco and to aipaidriESo ins Movidvia. OpydvoiOE nspinoAiES 
nou nnyaivav and onin oe anin koi auvEAdii^avav tons avnSpaoTiKous. Ta p£- 
oavuxta opyavwQnKE n npatn Eni9£on aio orpaTon£6o ins Maopims... 
Itn BapKEA6vn, oi EpydiES mg CNT koi tou POUM ekovov Etpo5o oxa uaya- 
zia nou nouAouaav ei6n Kuvnyiou yia va ndpouv dnAa, ons ano6nK£s oikoSo- 
u.iKfl>v uAikcov yia va ndpouv pdfioous Suvapim, am anina tcov (paaioidiv yia va 
Ppouv KpuitEva dnAa... AnopovapEVEs oupnAoKES pnpootd as o8o9payuaTa 
(pTiaypEva and ayKtovapia, oSnynoav oe yEvmfi auvKpouan to andvEu^a. 
E86, ta noAiiiKa onAa anEScooav nEpioodtEpo and tov av&iEpo Ec^onAiouo tav 
(paaioTtbv. HpaiiKoi EpydtES npoxwpouoav pnpoord KaAuvias ious arpandstE? 
va ious nouv yiaii OKOiaaavE ious auvaSEAcpoug ious. MEpmoi nsaavE and 
tous nupopoAiapous, dAAoi dpcos nnpavE m BEan tous. E8<b ki ekei Kdnoios 
arpanwtns dpxizE va nupoPoAEi otov a£pa Kai dxi ndva> atous epyotes. Oi mo 
loA^npoi yupioavE ia dnAa tous aious atJiainaiiKOUS ious- BAsnovras mv avri- 
5paan tcov oipancotcbv, Kdnoia avcbvupn aTpanfflimn psvaAotpu'fa - iat\>s va 
OKOidiBnKE tdtE - apna^E tnv EuKaipla Kai n pdza ttov Epyattbv evkoieAehije to 
unpoupunapa koi dppnoE pnpooid, .. Etoi, diav n EAEyxdpEvn and tou; (paai- 
otes KEvrpiKn tppoupd ins ndAns £^£y£pflnKE oris 1 ta snp£fxb(iaia avaKdAuipE 
oti BpioKdtav nEpiKunAcoiiEvn and onAiapEvou? EpydtES... Aiyo apyoiepa n ep- 
yaiiKn noAiiocpuAawn nou 8npioupyn8nK£ koteAqPe tis kevtpikes OTpancotiKES 
anoSriKEs nupopaxmuv. 

Oi avOpaKtopuxoi ms Aaioupias axnpdnaav pia ffoAayya 6.000 onAiapfivwv 
av8pcbv, Eioiiin va paSiaEi npoc; in MaSpitn. Em MaAaya. oio oipamyiKd Ai- 
pdvi an£vavn oto MapdKo, oi donAoi EpyaiE? ariEKAEiaav in tppoupa {Jdzovras 
cfx-ind arc Kripia nou niav vupu and to orpaidnEoo koi anivovras oSocppdyua- 

IZHANIA 1936 19 



to. Im BoAEv9ia, diav n KevipiKri Kuftepvnon apvnSnKE va poipdasi dnAa, oi 
EpydiE? npoEToipaairiKav v'avnpETwnioouv tou? qraoitne^ u.e oSocppdypata, 
toufJAa koj Kouzivoudxaipa - uixpi nou oi ouvipotpoi tou? piaa am q>poupd e- 
KteAEoav tout (paofotE? aSia^iaiiKou? m\ uoipaaav 01 16101 tov onAioyd otov 
xdapo. Me Mia &§a xcopi? va zmnoEi tnv d&sia in? KufiepvnoT]?, to npoAeta- 
piato ^EKiunoE Eva ndAspo zo>n? kqi 8avdiou Evdvna orou? ipaoiat£?(25}. 



H TENNHZH THE AIIIAHE ESOYEIAS 

H npiuToJtouAia tuv epycmjv va ndpouv oto xepia touc. Tnv avTicrraon 
Evavria otov Opdvra, o6h,ynoe oinv euipdvion, uiae 5euTepn,e e^ouaiac. and 
ra k6tw. Miae npoXcTQpiaKi'iq, avEn(cm.u.r|C. E$ouoiaQ, 8inAa OTn,v £nian,u.n 
nou napeuevc crra xepia tik Kupepvnone. H KaidOTaon nou sniKpaTouoE r\- 
Tav auTfj nou Aeviv anoraAouoe "dinAn, e^ouaia". H u.ia e^ouoia, auTh, u$ 
Kupepvnanc; koi tou HpdeSpou A66via, anoTeAtdTav ano uta xoucpTa cpiAe- 
AeuBEpouc; aaroiie noAmKOuc;, anoKOpuivouc; ano ttiv idia touc. Tn,v koivcovi- 
irtj Paan nai xupic, Kapid uaCiKft, empon.. Htqv pta "OKiuonc acmtcfi Tdfti", 6- 
nuc my pacpTiOE TpdTOKi, acpou t) Ta^n nou empoounouoav auioi 01 noAi- 
™oi eiXE nepaoEi jjc m pepid to>v cpaoioruv. H noAiTiKn. touc empitoari e^ap- 
TioTav anoKAeioriKa and Tny unooTi'tpi^n nou touq efiivav to looiaAioriKd 

KOI TO KoppOUVlOTlKd K6u.pa. 

H aAAn. E^ouoia h.Tav auTn. tou onAiopEvou npoAETaptdTou. H KuB£pvn,an. 
tq}v A9dvia rai oia htov noAu a8uvaTr| via va pnopsaei v'avTiKpouaei ttiv 
Suvapn, mc. epyaTiKh.e. Td^c,. Opoq, an6 Tn.v aAAn nAeupd, oute to onAiopE- 
vo npoAETapiaTO hjav apKEia ouvEtSnrd yia va Kdvet eva ghpa napanepa 
kqi va fr<pop™eel koi Tn.v KuBepvnan, tou A8dvia. Mia napdpoia KOTdoTaan, 
"SmAric EEpuolae" elxe EnmpaT^aei koi orn, Pljoiq avdpeaa otov <t>AEpdpn, 
m tov OKT0)(3pn, tou 1917. Elvai eva ipaivopevo nou Eptpavi^ETai oe k68e ep- 
YaTiKf^ enavaoTaon. Ot laTopiraE Mnpoue kqi Teniu neptypd<pouv in. omAii e- 
^ouola arriv lanavia dc; e^tic;: 

...avajjEaa ato n£zo6popio koi inv Kugepviian avaniuxSraav pa6pida veq 6p- 
yava E^ouaios, opyava nou e£acKOuoav tnv npoynaiiKn e^ouoia kqi nou au- 
20 IZnANIA 1936 



xvd EKfppazovtouoov tpiAiKa koi npoc; tn pia nAeupa Kai npos inv aAAn. Auid la 
opyava iVrav oi avapiBpnTec; ioniK£9 EnnpanE?, oi aAn9ive^ Ku^EpwiOEi? oe vo- 
popxiOKn aAAd Kai nEpicpEpEiaxn kAiiioko. Ze auie^ 115 Enupon^ enaipvE adpKa 
koi oaid n v£a E^ouoia, n EnavaaraTiKn s^ouaia nou opyavaivdrav jje paySai- 
ouq pu6}iou$ yia v avriuETonioEi 1a tEpdatia KaQtiKovid in? ■ Kai ta apeaa koj 
ra paiqx}np66£0pa. To koBAkov vq q>£p£i at n£pa<; tov avrKpaoiarmd ndAEpo. 
aAAd koi to KaOfiKOv tn? opydvuanq tng napay<uyfis oinv Koputfxoon pia koi- 
vcwmni; Enavaaiaon5(26). 

H Bap«eAcbvn r)Tav to ounfJoAo Trie; EnavaoTaTiKftc; aAAayhc;. Ekei ppi- 
ok6tqv n uioii SiouxixaviKfj spyaTiKii Td^n Trie; x®po$- £*£' oi epYdTEQ xpr\a\- 
uonoirioav Tn, ouvapii tou<; yia va anaAAoTpitboouv touc; KannaAiOTec;. 
OpavTC; MnopKevdou ypdtpei: 

H EKiaan rav anaAAoTpi^OEOv n? npwiE? uspe^ ^£td in 19n louAn 1936 eivqi 
aniaiEuin. Ta tiEyaAiitepa ^evoSoxeio, p.z pia t\ 5uo E^aipEOEig, 6Aa exouv ko- 
taaxESfii and ti? EpyatiKe? opyavwoEi? yia va koAuijjouv nq avayKE? tn? spya- 
iiKii? id^ng... To 1610 Kai ia peyaAutEpa KaiaantyaTa. FIoAAe? and n? ipdnE- 
ze? sivai kAeioie?, 6AAe? exouv EraypafpEc; nou SnAtbvouv on ppiaKoviai kqiu 
and tov eAeyxo in? XEVEpaAndt (tn? npoooipivft? KUpEpvnanq in? KoiaAw- 
via?). Exe&ov 6A01 01 epyoataoidpxE? to Eixav okooei n Efxav okotcoSei kqi to 
Epyootdaid tous Eixav nEpdoEi ota xepia iuv Epyatosv. Havtou onnpxav ttpd- 
otie? Q(piae? an? npoaoiiKi? eniPAntiKdiv Ktipiwv, nou SnAtavav on e'ke yivEi a- 
naAAotpitBon koi E^nyouoav on n 8ieu8uvoti fSpioKetai tupa £it£ ota xspia in? 
CNT, £it£ on xanoia EpyaiiKii opydvojon ta xpnoiponoiEi oav xwpo yia va op- 
yavsavei in 5ouAei6 m?{27). 

"...undpxei \16vo \i\a npayuaiiKn E?buaia otn BapKEAuvn", Mei o^evo? ouvo- 
piAnih? pou, "n CNT". Autn n npaypatiKOinia (pidvEi pExpi tou anpEiou too- 
noia6nnoiE Eyypaqxi nou exouv acppayioa pdvo and tnv KavoviKfi fiioiKnan va 
eivai axpnoia. KaOeva? 8a kovei KaAa va KouPaAd \iaz\ tou, EKtd? and in ni- 
otonoimiKd tn? XEVEpaAndi, kqi Kdnoio ouotatiKd tn? CNT ft OK6u.a KaAuts- 
pa eva auotatiKd unoyEypappEvo and tnv CNT kqi inv UGT, 11? 8uo epyan- 
ke? ouvouoanov6ie?. Asv undpxEi aAAn apxd ekio? and 1a ouv8m6ia Kai am 
BapKeAd>vn n CNT Elvai to UEyaAuiEpo ouv6ikqto(28), 

Ito aAAa kevtpq Tqc; tonaviac; n epyaTiKii E^ouoia rytav nio nEpioptopevn 

lEHANIA 1936 21 




BapK£)$vn. OiEpYan&snofaToqM?w£s§Eia\K>dvYiQio$T®no£v&miOTOV£ 

qxiafareg. Flaw aio Tpivo ypApa: "ASihqiia, optaarelm aro dvojia mg 

riokicxpvkiKfy; on 6a Sikjot^je koi m zmfi //a? yia w mqiarfiooufJE mv npowfe" 



22 



IiriANIA 1936 



an'OTi am, BapKeKijvri. H BaAeveia, ypacpci o MnopKevdou, 

.. .napapevEi pia iwpia >Kpoatnmn noAn". Yndpxow Aiyoiepoi evonAoi noAi- 
TocpuAaKE? am piAkaia an'du am BapKeAtbvn, AiyoiEpE? anaAAoipictoEis koj 
EpyatiKO? eAeyxos oia Koiamnpota, AiyoiEpES k6kkive? onpaisq koi nepiaao- 
tEpa novo pE to e6vikq xptopam m$ lanavia^ ran ta tonwa ins BqAevOki. FIe- 
piaadtEpa aoioKivmo avfutouv oris kpotikes unnpeoiE? an'dti cms tpyaiiKES e- 
nnponE? koi ta auvSiKdia. Yndpxow nspiaaQtEpoi KaAoviupEvoi pe mv teAeu- 
taia AeS?i m? pdoas otou? 6p6pou$. Kai Quopa, unapxsi feva<; anpavtwds a- 
pi8po<; znndvcov, evw omv BapKEfaiwn 6ev onapxsi navEiq, Adyco too gpyou 
igw npoacpaia 5[ipioupynpEV&>v enixpontbu aAAnAEyyum; kqi aAAnAoPon9£ia$. 
H BaAEvGia 6ev sxei nEpaasi an6 pia KoivaviKii EKpn^n aw ki aum mq BapKE- 
Aavns(29). - 
To entneSo ir^ Ta£iKn.c; nd\n,<; am. MaSpitn firav avdpeoa oe quto Trie; 

BapKeXdivnc; Kai inc. BoAcveta. Em Madptm, 

...n napouaia ins KuPEpvnong Eivai noAo mo cpavEpii an'dii orn BapKeAmvn, &■ 
nou xa aoaiaAicniKd, ovapxiKO kqi cuvSiKaAiaTmd uroixEia tiiav navraxou m- 
pdvia. Eva ev6eiktiko napaSEivyo e™ 1 io otl aTn Maopiin xpEiaztici n 66eiq 
ms aarovopias yia va aAAd^Ei navei? povipn Kaiomia. Em BapKEAwvn nan t£- 
toio Eivai dxpnam. Em Ma6pim 6ev undpxsi kqv pia KsvipiKri nohum Epyan- 
Kfi Enupoirn. Oi anaAAoipid>a£is Eivai noAu AiyEq. Ee no/Ad an6 ia peyoKa ra- 
raan'ipaia 8ev undpxEi Epyanras skyxo?... 

H anouola TriQ ftriavi6$ ^rav iva ptTpo ttk ektooji^ tou EpyaiiKOu e* 
Xeyxou: 

Em BapKeAuvn n znnavid sixe sfccpavicnEi. Em BaAeveio ntav Epcpauri?. Em 
MaSpiin ntav evoxAntiKn. And aurn mv dnoipn poidzei on tinote 6ev exei aA- 
Ad^£i. H enansia noAAcbv naiSiwv am Kaqjeveia o'ekove koi avatptxiazES... H 
zmiavia owixae va unapx£i ko! io i&io awepaivs p^xpi?Ev6s ^aBpou, pe flg 
ovtiSeoeis, ps mv noAotsAEiQ. Eiyoupa ondpxouv AtydiEpoi rAooaiovrvpEvoi 
on'dTi oe auvnOiapEVE; EnoxEg, aAAd e£qkoAou8o6v va Dndpxouv noAAoi, ei&- 
ko yuvaiKE? noo eni8EiKv6ouv ia KaAd louspouxa otou? Spdpou? Kai an? Ka- 
{psiEpiES xupiq Kaveva 6iaiayp6 n (po^o, oe ieAeio avtiSEan ps mv Evtova 
npoAEiapiQKn BapKEAfivn... Ewo^izovia? pnopa va nw on n MaSpim SivEi ne- 
pioadispo and m BapKsA6vn xnv Eviuncogn pia ndAnq as Kaipd naAEpoo, aA- 

IIDAN1A 1936 23 



?id faydtepo tnv evtuncoan piac; noAnc; oe Kaip6 KoivcoviKnc; £navaoraanc;(30}. 

Opwc ora anpeia KAeidid tt]v npavpaTiKf] e^ouoia Tnv Eixav 01 EniTpanec; 
ora EpYOOTQoia koi otic; yeiToviec;. 

Oi EnirponE?, nq pEpec; noo anoftouBnaav in tpaatoiiKh aviapoia, KaiEAafiav 
tnv lonmn e^ouafa, nhpav navto touc; 6?ie? tic; vopo6eiiKes koi EKTefteaTiKec; 
^EiTOupvt£?. Enoipvav anpaviiKE? anocpaoeig vsa xonim npoPAnpata. 6xi povo 
Via ta apeaa zmnpara, on©? n Siaihpnon m<; ra^n? koi o eteyxoc; rav upcbv, 
aAM andpa kqi yio ia EnavaatcniKa KaOnnovia mc; aiiypnc: - Tnv koivcoviko- 
nofnon li tov aw6ma?ucTp6 oin Piopnxavia, inv anaftAoipioxJn ins iSioKin- 
otac; tou KJ\npou kcu tov yaioKinpovcov, mv ava6iovopn m? kqioikiq? oious a- 
oteyou? peiaAAEpvdiES, mv Kaiaaxeon iponezwcov hovapiaapcbv, 10 nepcapa 
in? ateyaan^ otnv ioninn ooioSioiKnan, mv apydvwan mc; nftnpocpopnong, 
in? ypanms n npotpopiKii? EKnoi6Euons kqi m$ Koivtovinn? npdvoiag. Tia va 
xpnaiponoinoti) tov EKcppaoiiKd 6po iou Tz. Mouvi, naviou oinBnKav "Eruipo- 
nEC; AiaKupspvnanq". H Efouaia toix; cnnpizoiav am 66vapn toiv Evonhcav ep- 
vatmv kqi anc; onotec; ta undAoina eiBiko aajpaia tou naAsoii npcnouc; - n 
Guardia Civil, n aaiuvopia Kai 01 Sidcpopoi a^copaiouxoi - undKouav, eiie touc. 

6pEO£,EiT£OXl(31). 

H KcrraoTaoTi t^c; b\nkf\c; s^ouaiac; and -mv i5ia Tqc; tt| cpuan, eivai acrra- 
Bfic; nai 5ev pnopei va KpaTfjoei yia peydAa xpovucd StaorfipaTa. Mia pOKpid 
nspio5ac; aarauouc; loopponiac; eivai aduvoTn. To OToixnpa nou nai^OTav to 
(pSivdraopo tou 1936 r\rav nota and tic; 5uo e^ouoiec; 6a uneptoxiiosi: r| aori- 
Kf| AripOKpaTtKii t\ n npo^ETapiaKii enavaaraTiKii. Ze dAec; tic; nponyoiipEVEc; 
TiEpinraceiq nou Eixape nepiddouc; SinXiiq EJjouaiat; - dnuq am. Pu>oia avd- 
peaa aiov 0\epdpn koi tov OKraBpn tou 1917 koi am, TeppaviaTo 1918-19 
- 01 aOTiKEQ KuSEpvnoeiQ pnopouaav va undpxouv pdvo xdpn aTnv unocnfp- 
Ejf) tow petpopptOTiKwv Kopp6twv. Oi MevoepiKoi koi 01 EaepoL crrn Paiaia, 6x1 
pdvo unoonipi^av tt|v ripoouptvf) aariKii KupspvrioTi peaa ora ooPiet, aA\d 
ouppETEixav ottiv Kupepvrnorj pE Sikouc; touc; unoupyouc;. napdpoia Kat 01 
rsppavoi ZooiaA6r)MOKpdTec; evw eixav Tqv nAeiot|jntpia oto spyaTiKd oup- 
BouAta twv spyaitov Kat tcov OTpaTitoTwv, Tqv i6ia ajpa auppsielxav koi omv 
"enionpn" xupepvnon. 



24 



IinANIA 1936 



TA KOMMATA KAI OI OPrANQEEIE 
THE EPrATIKHZ TA2HE 

Ittiv tanavia outo tov pdAo tov enatEav to KoppouvioriKd Kdppa, to 
ZooiaMoTiKd Kdppa koi oi AvapxiKOi. Eixav trfl andAum nXeiotpn^ia otic; 
EniTpanee, dpwc; Tnv idia OTiypii mfp$W rq KupEpvqon tov aartbv Anpo- 
KpaTiKtbv. ApxiKd 6ev ouppeTEixav 01 16101 <m\v Kupspwion, aAAd \iyo cpyd- 
Tepa, otic; 4 ZemEpppn 1936, to KoppouvioriKd koi to ZooiaMoriKd Kdppa 
rnipav unoupyeia. ZTiq 26 Zemtpppn n CNT koi to POUM pni^rav koi aural 
OTnv Toni^ KuBepvnoTl Tnc; KaTaAajviaq, m XevepaAiTaT. Hoitc; frrav 01 ai- 
tiec; auTdiv tcov noAiTiKcbv EniAoyajv; 

To peyaAuiEpo epyoTiKd Kdppa oro AaiKd METuno nTav to ZooiaAiariKd 
Kdppa (PSOE). Av koi Kdppa KaSapd oooiaA5npospaTiKd, auTonpoaSiop^d- 
Tav oav Map^iOTiKd. To ZooiaAiaTLKd Kdppa f|tav xwpiapEvo as pia Se^id 
mcpuYa pe T\ytm tov IvtoAeBio npteio kqi pia apioiEpti ps t\yi^ tov <Hpav- 
8(oko AdpYKO KapnayiEpo nou 01 onafiot tou tov anoKaAouaav "Aeviv tt\$ 
lanaviaq". And Tnv apxn tou eptouAtou noAspou, n 6e^id tou KdpparocjTauTi- 
othke ps touq AnpoKpoTiKouc; (piAEAeu9Epouq aoTOuq. Adpyra Kapnayte- 
po ora Adyia Siatp^vouoE pe m 6e^td me puya, dpwc; anoyoiiTeue touc; ona- 
Bouq touc; auvEXCoq, atpoii SioTa^e va auyKpouarei kqi va "to ondaEi" pa£,i 
Tqc;. Etoi n pdon tou ZooioAiotikou Kdppaioc; dpxtoe va arpetpeTai npoc; to 
KoppouvicniKd Kdppa ^axvovraq yia EvaAAaKTiKtl Aiion. Auto tpdvnKE K a6a- 
pd tov Man tou '36, otov r\ veoXaia tov ZooioAiotov ouYXWveuTnKE pe Tf|V 
opydvcuon thc; vEoAaiac; tou KKI koi nepaoe and tov Nospppn otov nAnpn t- 
Aeyxo tuv Koppouviorov. And aurf) tti oriypn koi peTa to ZoaioAicmKd Kdp- 
pa nauei ouataoiacrriKd va nai(ei tov onoio5f|noTE av^dpTHTO pdAo. 

To KoppouviOTiKd Kdppa lanaviac; (PCE) 6tov t5pG6r]Ke to 1930 sixe ^6- 
vo 800 peAq. Opuc;, peaa oto KAipa tov aytovuv tov apx<i>v Tqc; 5eKaETiac; 
tou '30 KaTdpewoE va peyaAiooei noAu ypnyopa kol to 1934 t[%z tpTdOEi Ta 
20.000 pEAn. Mexpi to 1934, aKoAouBuvTac ttiv ypappn Tqc; OTaAiviKfiq Kop- 
pouvicrtiKiic; AieBvouc, t\ ny&oia tou KKI avTipETOni^E oav "ex6pd" rai "00- 
oiaXcpaaiOTa" tcd8e epydTn nou aviiKE n WW& a^° K6 l Jua ' To 1934 ^ a(pvl " 
Kd crave orpotpn 180 poiptov. Kevrpo inc; TOKTiKfiQ tou KK! eyivav 01 ouppa- 
Xiec;, 6x1 povo pe touc; ZooiaXiaTec;, aAAd aKdpo koi pe Kevrpua koi KEVTpo- 
5E^id KdppaTa. H OTaAiviKi^ nveota ePaAe otOxo tT) ouyKpOTnon tou AaiKou 

IinANIA 1936 25 



MeTomou kqi GYKartAeiilfe mSt Kpmitfj otouc XooiaAtoTEc (J otouc ArjMOKpa- 
tikouc. aaTOuc. noAiTiKOiic.. 

©Eon th<; nYeoiac tou Kompouviotikou KdppaToc ruav on o oootaAiapdc 
5ev pplOKETai oniv npEpnaia Biara^ ottiv lanavla. Apa, to Ka8h,Kov mc api- 
orEpdc litav pdvo n npodonion Tnc atnwifc AnpoKpaTlac kqi Y ia va eoiteu- 
X8ei outoc o ord X oc htov anapaiTTjTEc oi nAaTUTspEc SuvaTEc to^ikec oup- 
paxiec. AuTi| q Seon ornv npaYpaTindniTa e( X e anotpaoiorel crrn Mdoxa an6 
tov ItoAiv. To 1936 n e$n*ptfj noAmirt) Tnc OTaAtviKnc YpatpEiOKpoTiKrjC 
ap X ouaac TdSnc ornv EIIA, Kaeopi^iav an6 TT|v eniSluft laxupne ouppa- 
Xiaq ps Tti raAAia kqi tt)v AyyAIo, AuTb oqpaive 6ti ma enavaoraor] ottiv 
lonavia, 6a Epa^ spndoia oe pta tetoio auppaxta, acpou 6a yivotqv auTdpa- 
to anctXn Via ir\ OTaSEpdTnTa k66e dpxouoac Td^nc OTrjv Evpmr\. Enops- 
vuc r)Tav npoc to oup<pEpov tou ItOAiv va E^aoijKiAiOEi Oti n lonawtn. Ena- 
vaoraon 6ev 6a ^eottouos kov. Auth n noAiTiKr), nou e Y ive kqi noAiTiKrj tou 
oraAiviKou KKI epeAAe v'ana6Eix8Ei KaTaorpocptKn. vw T nv epyaTLKii rt^in; 
Tnc fanaviac;. 

Ta pEtpoppiarma KdupaTa 6ev rjTav to pdva nou ennpeafrv to epyaTiK6 
KlvFHia. Ynrlpxav xiAiaSeq epyotec nou epAsnav Oti pdvo ps tt|v avanru^ 
tojv EpYQTiKtiiv a Y wva)v ornv npoonrmn T^q EnavaaraTiKiiq aAAaync tir koi- 
vtoviac pnopouoav va nnneouv koi oi q>ao(OT£c tou Opdvra. 

H rao pEYoAn and tic opYavcboEic nou elxov oav ot6xo thv enavaOTaor] 
f|Tav n avap X ixn CNT, nou e( X £ i6pu6E( to 191 1 mi ouandpwvE mv ouvt P i- 
rrnKf) nAEioiJmcpia tojv opYavwpEvwv EpyoTwv Tn c KaToAuviac. 0£an tt]c n - 
YEOiaq ttk CNT rrrav <m aprauos oi EpydTsc va nETdftuv T'atpEvriKd s^cd a- 
no to epYOOT6oia kqi va tookioouv tic BuvdpEic kotootoA^ tou qotikou 
xpdTouc otouc opdpouc, yia va rapdoEi rj KOivwvia aurdpaTa otov Koppou- 
viop6. 

Opoc, to Sioaypa and ttiv PwotKn Enavdoraon tou 1917 htov 6ti n eni- 
Tuxia ttic Enavdaraonc anaiTouos to XTloipo ev6q veou oe poptpf) «ai nspie- 
X6psvo k P 6tou9, ev6c. k P qtouc apEoa EAEyxbpEvou an6 tt]v zpyamf\ Td?n, 
PaoiopEVOu oe EpyanKd ouMpouAta, dpEoa ekAeypevo otouc xwpouc Sou - 
AeiPc. koi avoKAnTd k69e OTi Y prV Mdvo W tetoiq npoomiKn e&apaAIifc oti 
fiev undpxEt kevo E^ouoiac to onoio n naA(a dpxouoa t6^ 6a ekpetoAAeu- 
rei yia va snavatpEpEi mv Kupiap X ia thc.. Oi Kuplapxsc. Td^eiq 8ev ano6E X o- 

VTOl ETOl EUKOAa TI)V I^TTO TOU(J KOI t\ aVTOOOia TOU OpOVKO liTQV TO <Q)VTav6 

26 IinANIA 1936 






napaBstYpa aunic ttic anAiic aAf|8Etaq. H EvonAri avTEnavaoraori EnpEnE va 
Xrunr|8Ei ano pia vea E^ouoia - tt\v spyaTLKfi E^ouola - koi Yia va vwnaei au- 
tti r| e^ouola EnpEnE va opyavtoeEi oe 6Aa to Enin£6a ttic. KOivuviac. 

Ha Tnv CNT koi tic. avapxiKEC. iStEt; ttic. pta tetoio 8eoti f|TQv koti nEpio- 
odTepo and avdQEpa. Kq8e e^ouoIo koi ko8e noAmKi 1 ! t\jav yia tqv r\yzala 
ttic. CNT to (610 8iE(p8app£vn kqi BtKraTOpiKq. Eioi n dpvnan Tnc. CNT va ou- 
YKEVTpuoEi to StatpopETiKd dpYava epyotiki^c. E^ouofaq oe |iLQ ypo8id yia 
Tnv KOTdArtipr} TT|C KEvTpmric. E^ouoiac. - pia dpvnon evteAux; ouvEiSnTf) daov 
aipopd Tnv nYEola Tnc. - dipnvE tt) ?UYQpid Tnc. BinAnc. E^ouoiac va Yepvet 
npoc Tnv nAEupd Tnc. dpxouoaq Td^nc;. Mnv exovtoq va npoTElvEi EvaAAaKTt- 
Kf) npdTaoTj OTO aoTiKd kpqtoc., 1 CNT KaTEAn^E va ou^petexei - doo napd- 
5o^o koi va (palvEToi Y'a avapxiitfi opYdvcjon - otic, £5isc. Tiq KuSEpvfiOEic, nou 
arfp^av outo to KpdToq: npsina orn Xwpa tcov Bookuv paO p£ tiiKpoaarouc, 
eSvikiotec,, pETd OTTiv KaTOAuvia koi tov NofepBpn 1936 ornv IBta Tnv ke- 
vrpiKf) KuBEpvnon, 

Auotuxwc napdpoia f|Tav kos n nopEta nou aKoAou6noE koi n povr) pa^i- 
Kh epyaTiKn opYdvtuon nou SieKnpune oti ndAsuE yia Trjv epyaTmn e^ouoia, 
to EpYOTiKd Koppa Map^ioriKnc; EvdnqTac. - to POUM. To POUM LdpuSnKE to 
1935 and opdSEC nou SLaandornKav and to KK diacpuviijVTac. p£ to otoAivi- 
opd. Oi mo anpavTiKEQ and auTic. n^av n KoppouviariKr) ApioTEpn AvrtnoAl- 
Tsuon (OCE) p£ riYETn tov AvTpEac. Niv nou SioTnpouoE noAtTmrj Enatpn pe 
tov TpdTOKi koi to MnAoK Ttov EpyaTtbv koi twv AypoTiiiv (BOC) p£ nY^Tfi 
tov XoaKiv Maoupiv. AurEq 01 5uo opYavuoEic 6nMioupYnaav to POUM tov 
lEnTepPpn tou 1935, fivcii Afyo apydTEpa EVTdxSri^ «ai M'° piKpdTEpn, n 
KoppouviOTiKn AptOTEpd Tnc lonavlac (ICE), nou BpiOKdTav Kovrd otic and- 

l()ELC TOU TpdTOKi. 

To POUM ^EYdAa)0£ noAii ypnYopa koi ecptooe Ta 10.000 pEAn pdvo 
ornv KoToAuvia, dnou tov Auyouoro tou '36 nTav n OEUTEpn oe peyeSoc £p- 
YanKii opYdvwort pETd and Tnv CNT. O^aic, av koi eSo^e oav ordxo ttjv Ena- 
vdoraon koi Tnv epyotikti E^ouoia, to POUM noTE Bev pndpEOE va y'vei evq 
ojiOtOYevEq Kdppa p£ ^EKdSapn noAiTirai OTpaiTiYiKn «ai toktikti- H nYeaia 
tou EYepvE pia npoc T'apiOTEpd kqi ma npoq to Ssfyd, avdAoya pE tic; n£pt- 
ordOEic;. Avri va anoTEAEOEi tov ndAo nou 8a ouoriEipajvE touc; oy^vlotec 
EpydTEq nou nBEAav va E,En£pdoouv, aKdpa Kat va ouykpouotouv ps to Aai- 
xd METtono, to POUM pETOTpdrniKE anAuq ornv "dKpa apiorEpd" tdu Aainoil 

I£nANlA 1936 27 




Ae&v&v, MimnoApayndv. Av6ps$ mqnoMoQuhaKfv; wuPOUM, 



28 URANIA 1936 



Metuhtou nou epa^c niEasic; xprwonoicbvrac; T H V sntpoii nou e!xe amy ep- 
YaiiKrj TOftf ir\q KaiaAwviaq. 

To POUM f|Tav auTo nou o Aeviv xapaKTrp^E oav kevtploteko KOu.u.a. 
Eva KOp;ua nou eijiaxve va BpEi jfj "xpuoh. tout]" avaueoa amy ooaiaAianKn. 
enavaaraoT) Kai tov "peaAtou.6" xa>v pEcpopiJiaTiKtbv KOu.|ianov. H nopeia tou 
to 5eixvet KaBapa. Otov n. oraAiviKn. Kau.u.ouvianKri Aie8vf]q uioeeinoe my 
noMiiKii tou Aa'i'KOU Menimou \is touc; ootouc; noAiTiKOuq, to POUM Try ko- 
TtiYYSiAe. Ouwc; to Tevapri tou 1 936, uneypaijie to Hwwvo tou Aolkou Me- 
Twnou. Ms atpopfjf) auTii try eniAoyn, o Tpotoki KaTnyopnoe to POUM "yia 
Try npoSoaia tou npoAeTapiaTou npoq xapw mac; oupuaxiat; u.e Tnv aoTiKii 
Ta&f(32). 

K£VTpiau.6c; tou POUM cfpaivE 6ti orr|v i5ta tttv ecprmepiSa tou, Try La 
Batalla (H Mtixn.), unipxav ap8pa nou unoarrpcpv thv ouu.u.etoxi'i otic; TOni- 
kec; Kujtepvnoesc; tou Achkou Metwhou, aAAa rai ap8pa nou KaxayyEAvav au- 
Tf| Tqv noAmKri oav "5e^ia orpotpn". TeToia apiorspii KpixiKfj eKave o ypau.- 
uaTeae; Tnt; veoAaiac; xou POUM, BiAeuttciAoo loAovo, Ka8ddc; Kai n nspupE- 
pEiaKf| opyavtoon. mc; Ma5piTr|C;. Eivai xapaKTrpcnKO on T\ ToniKf] nyEoia 
tou KOpnaTOC; am. Maoprrn, nnpe Tnv npwTOfSouAla va Ej£Kivn,oei pia |aaxn TtK n 
Kaunavta yia to KTioiu.0 5n,u.OKpaTiKa EKAeyuivuv Enrrparaiiv navTou, apxi- 
^ovrac; and to aTpaxonEBa. Itoxoc; f)Tav n. opyavuon. svoq auvESpiou 6Awv 
tuv Enrrponcov, H i5ta nEpicpEpEtaKii opyavwon. tou POUM KUKAoipopnoE \aa 
5iaKf|pu^n nou eypatpe on r\ aaTLKii An.u.0KpaTla n.Tav exSpoQ «ai on o EAsy- 
xoq mc; napaycoyiiq oia Epyoorftota enpsne va nspaaei oxa x£pia Taw epya- 
twv. Iuu.(pawa pe Tr|v i5ia SiaKnpu^ri, aro u.sAAovtik6 ouveSpso oi EniTponec; 
8a npoxwpouaav OTry ensEjepyaoia evoc; ouvoAikou oikovou-Ikqu npoypau- 
lio.Tiou.ou. Tov AeK£u.|3pr| xou 1936 n. opyavcoon, Tn.c; MaSpiTnc; if\ir\oz tov 
axniicmaijo evoc; enavaaranKou OTpaxou u.e eviaia SioiKnon., aTripiypevou 
otic; spyaTmeq noAiTocpuAaKec;. Eivai Ka8apo oti to povteAo nou Eixav oto 
puaAb touc; oi aycuvioTEq tou POUM oxn. Ma5piTn. lixav auxo Tnc; Pcooikhc; 
Enavaoraanc;, tcjv ooPiet kqi tou Kokkivou ^TpaTou. 

iTnv anEvavn nAeupa unnpxE r\ 5e^i6 nrspuya tou POUM nou Kupiap- 
XoOae ott|V BaAsvSta «ai unoarripi^E ovoixto to Ao'iko MeTwno, tov aiponAi- 
0|i6 Kai niv SidAuon tuv EniTponwv, nYETnc; ttjc; opyavworic; ttiq BaAevSia, 
Aouic; riopTeAa, unep6ani(e |ae k68e euKaipia thv Ku(3spvriori Kaianayie- 
po(34) EiVCtt xap^KTripiCTiKO Trjc; avopoioyevEiac; tou POUM on n, TOtUKfi tou 

IEnANIA 1936 29 



Etpnpepi&a. om, BahtvQia, n El Communista, KauiYOpouoe mv KEVTpiKh, e<pn.- 
peplfia tou, ttiv La Batalla, yia Tn,v KpiTtKi*| nou ookouoe n teAeuTaia oto ora- 
Aivik6 Ka6eaT(i)c; amy EHA(35). 

Ek twv uoreptov apK£T6 nyeTiKd peAn, tou POUM, dncoe o Av6p66e, o 2o- 
Advo KQi o MoAiv napaSex8r|Kav 6ti 6ev enpene va utiokuiJjouv arte; entAoYEC; 
rqc; decide; mtpuYCK; xcupic jjia Yepn. ouyKpouori rat 6ti outo n,Tav to peya- 
Autedo Adwoq touc;(33). 



MOIPAIOE POAOE 
TOY AAIKOY METQIIOY 

To lonaviKd AaiKd MeTaino f|Tav pia ouppaxla nou epotac^ pe to peTcono 
tujv pecpopptoriuv MevOEplKtov kqi Eaepwv me touc; aoTOuc; cpiAeAEu9epouc; 
Kovtet om Ptooia tou 1917. Kai to 5uo MeTiana dmaioAoYouaav ttjv unapSn. 
touc; unoonpICovrac; oti Yia xdpn BR unepdtjmorjc; tt|<; SnuoKpaiiac; xpeia- 
Ifiiav n nAaTUTEpn 6uvaTf| evdTTiTa. Kai to duo i^Touoav and touc; epydTec; 
koi touc; oypotec; va euoidaouv to dpeoa aupcpEpovra touc; oto pupd out^c; 
TT|t; evothtqc;. Kat to 5uo Sexivouoav and TT|v undBEon, dti |ata artAri npdoQe- 
on Ttuv fiuvdpewv apKEi Yia va peYaAuoei to teAik6 dBpoiopa. TpdTOKi rV 
Tav anoOTO|itt)TiK6c; arnv andpujffi auiou tou anAoiKou unoAoYiopou. 

Oi 9EcopntiKoi tou AcxTkou Met6nou 6ev ndve, ato 6d6o?, mo nepa and to 0a- 
aiKd ravdva tn? apiepniiKn?, tnv np6o0eon. Aeve: to ouvoAo tcov Kopiiouvi- 
ai6v, tov looiaAicFTCflV, tcov Avapxwcov Kai tcov *iAeuAEu9£pcov eivai mo peyd- 
Ao and tov api9ji6 nou ovtiotoixe! otov k60e £va and outou? £ExcopiOTd. 
Oijco?, n api6umiKn eivai avtnapKd? o'auxfi tnv nEpinttocm, XpeiCaETai touAd- 
xiatov n linxavurfi: o vdpo? iou napaAAnAdypappou tov 6uvape©v Exei Etpap- 
poyn koi arnv noAiiiKn. Ie eva tetoio napaAAnAdypaiipo, to teAiko anoiEte- 
apa Eivai, dnco? $poupe, 1600 pwpdrEpo, daa mo anoKAfvouaE? uetatju tou? 
Eivai oi SuvdpEi? nou to anoieAouv, Otov oi noAnmof aoiipaxoi Tpaflouv npo? 
ovt!6ete? 6ieu8uvoei? idie to teAiko anoTeAsapa Eivai loo pe to pn&v. . . H no- 
AiTiKfi cnjuiiaxia too npoAEtapidiou ue tnv aatiKri 16&1, nou om anuEoivn etto- 
xrt ta ouptpSpovta toug ndvca oe paaiKa zntiipaTa anoKAivouv koto pia ytovia 
30 1SOANIA 1936 



180 no]puv, 5ev unopes koto vevik6 Kav6va, napd va napaAuoEi tnv Enavaoia- 
tiKn Suvaiin tou npoAETapidtou(36). 

To lanaviKO AaiKb METamo r^Tav pia ouu.|iaxia ottiv onola 5ev ouppeteI- 
XE Kav n (5ia t\ aoriKn, j(£,t\, napd p6vo r\ "cmd" ttjc;: 

noAiTiK6, to mo EvtumwiaKO yEyovog Eivai to oti oto lanavmo AawCJ Metuho 
AeItiei koi aut6 aK6pa to napaAAnA6vpap}io rav 8uvap£cov. Im Beoti trig aon- 
ktis td^ng 6ev ppioKEtai napd p6vo n okio tncj. Me tnv peooAdpnon tcov ItaAi- 
vikqv, iuv EooiaAicncbv koi tuv AvapxiKt&v, n lonavinn aotiKn id^n unExa^e to 
npoAEiapidto xcopis Kav va KdvEi tov Kdno va ouiipet£X£i n i6ia oto Aamd Me- 
tcono. H ouvrpiniiKTi nAEioipncpia rav ekpetoAAeotov k66e noAitinnq andxpco- 
anc; nipaae oto arpatonESo tou <PpdvKo(37). 

Tiautd aio SnpoKpaTiKd otpat6n£6o 6ev pEtvavE napd pdvo t'aonnavta ou- 
vrpipia tcov Kupiapxcov to^ecdv, oi k.k. A8avia, Kopnavucj ki oi 6jioioi toug, no- 
AixiKoi 6iKny6poi Tn? acniKncj tdt;n?, aAAd oxi ki n aaTnufi id^n n i6ia. riovrd- 
povras oAoKAnfKfliiKd ndvu OTn OTpaTicfltiKri SiKtatopia, oi KupiapxEs tdt^Eiq 
yvt&pizav TauTdxpova va xpnaiponoiouv tout; xSeoivou? noAitiKou? Eimpoaa- 
nou? tou? yia va napaAuaow, v'ano6iopyavaoouv ki uaTspa va nvi^ouv to oo- 
oioAiotik6 Klvnpa tcov pazcov peoa oto "onpoKpOTiKo" ynnEOo(38}. 

Ra tt|v i^tto tou cpaoiopoii f|Tav avayKaio va ouv5e6eI o aytovac; Evdvria 
oto cpaotapd pe tov oywvo yia xnv anEAsu6Ep£dori tt)c; epYOTiKfic; xd^n^ «ai 
Tnc; oYPOTidc;. 

£pcpuAiog ndAEpog, psaa arov onoio n yupvn Pia 6xej eAdxiom anoieAeopa- 
TiKdTnTa, anaiTEl an6 outous nou crujipetexouv Tnv unEpxatn autandpvnon. Oi 
EpydtEc; koi oi aypdiEcj pnopouv va Et]aocpaAtoouv tn viKn tou? liovo av koteu- 
0UVOUV tnv ndAn iou? npoc; Tn 6iKd too? xeipacpETnon. H unotayn tou npoAe- 
icpdTou, xdra and t^roiE? o\)v6nKE?, atnv nyEaia tn? aotiKn? tdtjn?, to p6vo 
nou Ec;aacpaAizEi ek tcov npoTepcov Eivai n rtna Kai orov epcpuAio n6Aepo(39}. 

H EpyaTiKf) Td^n ttjc; lonavtac; tou 1936 pe Kaveva ipdno 6ev tiTav mo u- 
navdrrruKTri and th pwoiKq epyaTiKi^ itiE,r\ tou 1917. Avti8etciic;: 

To lonaviKd npoAEiapiQTo, Adyco tou ei8ikou p^pou? tou atnv oiKovopiKn zcoft 
m? xcopa? koi Adyta tou noAiiiKou koi noAiTioriKou tou EnlnEoou, and tnv npco- 
m pepa tn? enavaataan?, BpioKdTav oxi xapnAdTEpa, aAAd ipnAdTEoa and tc 

linANIA 1936 31 



prixjiKoirpoAerapidTocmsapxEstou 1917. 

Opuc, aAoipovo, 

£to 6p6po rou npo? tn vwn pprwe epn66io tig iSies 115 8ikes too opyavd)- 
oei?{40). 

Aut6 nou cuvEpnoav OTnv tanavia entPeBaiiiivouv xa Adyia tou laiv Zu- 
cjt: "Oooi naAeuouv peoa oe pia Enavdoraan. p£ pion, Kap6ia. anAd OKdpouv 
tov TQ(po touq ue Ta ioia touc; to XEpia". 

Ittiv ooraSri tooponia ttiq 6inAn,c E^ouaiat; n, epyaTiKn, nAeupd napepEivE 
oe epppuaKh. kqi anoonaapoTiKn, KaTdoTaori: uni'ipxav ndpa noAAee; Ennpo- 
nec; ora epYOcrrdoia kqi otic naAiToipuAoKEC;, aAAd tote 5ev unrip^e pia ou- 
YKfiVTponoinpevr] opydvurari oe e9vii<6 Eninedo. Aev unfile kovevo naveSvt- 
kq luppoiiAio EpYQTCbv Kai IrpaTLcoTcbv, dntuc; otit. PcoaiaTOu 1917 nai otti 
reppavia 1918-19. TpdTOKi, rior] and tov Tevapn tou 1931, koAouoe yia m 
drpoupyia oo(3iet OTnv lonavia: "H annepivn KOTdoTaan. arn,v lanavia em- 
paAAEi th onMioupyia epyqtikcuv juntas"(41) (and Tr]v lonavtKft As£n "XOUVTa" 
= EnavaoranKdc ouvfieopoc, oupPouAio}. Iitq 15 AnpiAn. 1931, sypacpe oto 
ypdppa tou pe titAo "Aeko o5nY£t€Q otov lonavo KOppouviorff: "...to Kevrpi* 
Kd auv8n.pa tou npoAeTapidTou eivai to auv8n.pa tou epyotikou ooPist, tou 
auppouAiou. Auto to ouv8n.pa to diaKnouaooupe, to eKAameuoupe aKOupa- 
ora koi oTaSepd Kai pe Tny nptbTT] euraipia npoxwpdpe orriv npaYpaTonoin- 
vt\ tou. To oopiET T0)v epyaTwv 5ev onpaivei t^v dpEon ndArj yia ti^v e^ou- 
ola. Auti 1 ! eivai avapipipoAa n npoormKii, aAAd 01 pd^eQ 5ev pnopouv va (pid- 
oouv o'auTi^ napd and to dpdpo inc. idiac; touc; thc neipac; koi pe rr> BiacpWTi- 
oriKri SouAeid twv snavaoraTuv. To ooSiet tow epyaTcbv armepa onpaiVEi ttj 
ouYKEvrpuori twv OKdpniwv duvdpeuw tou npoAETapidTOu... tti ouvSeot] p£ 
touc; cpavrdpouc Y<a va npoAnipeouv 01 aipaTn,pec ouYKpoucoc, th ouvBEar] 
ttjc ndArjc; pe to xupid Kai Tnv s^aocpdAion Tqc cuppaxiac; ps touc; tpTuxouc 
XiiipiKouc. Mdvo ETOt to oopteT 6a yivei opyavo npoAsTapiaKiic e^eyEponc; 
Kat peTd dpyavo E^ouoiac". 

To yeyovdQ 6ti t\ epyaTiKh, e^ouaia napepeivs anoonaouaTiKf], to on 5ev 
5iiLioupYn8riKav ooPieT, r]Tav anoT£Aea|ja Tqc; noAiTiKtit; tcov epyaTiK^v Kop- 
uoTtov koi ndvto an'dAa tou KouuouvtortKOu KopjiaTOc; nou aneKpoue pe Kd- 
8e Tpdno Tqv t6ea tuv aopiET. rpdipei *pavTt; MnopKEvdou; \..o\. Kommou- 
vtoTEi; ottiv lonavia avrtnpootuneuav ttiv okpo Se^td mepuya tou epyotikou 

32 IIOANIA 1936 






Kivf)u.aT0c;"(42). Xiou Tdpac; ouvoi^ei tti Beotj tou KKI ue ia napQKdTW A6- 
Yia: "Akouyetoi 6ti 01 KopuouvtoiEC elxav Emvofiaei eva Katvoupyio ouv0n- 
pa: "Dpiv KQTaAdBoupc rr\ lapaYdoo, npenei va ndpoupe xt\ BapKeAuvn"(43). 
H vLkh touq ndvu OTOuq paxnTiKOUt; epydTeq thq BapKcAwvric, hiav nio or)- 
uavTiKf) and th vIkh ndvu oTouq (paolorEt; cnr] ZapOYdoal 

ExovTat; pETOTpanEi oe KdnpiQ "tou vduou Kai TT|C Td^Q" koi d\rraq to po- 
va5md nou eIxe npda3aon cna 6nAa nou oteAvovtov and ttiv EIIA, to Kop- 
pouvioriKd Kdppa dAAa^e pe 5papaTmd Tpdno iriv koivcovikti tou auvSEon- 
Xiou Tdpac; YPdcpEi Y'Q to KK: 

...6ev rttaveva ouvn6iouivo Koppouvioimd Kdppa. Av kci n nponaydvSa iou 
Qva^EpoTav om PcbaiKn enavdoicon, n npoKimn tou lafprazE koi a^avaKAoiJ- 
oe i!? 6ia0Eoei? rav piKpopayozdiopaiu, rav piKpoKtnpaTiav, icov lo^iTzftBmv, 
in? peoaiag KpotiKn? unaWmhiKris lepapxia?, icov vecov a^i&ipatiK(bv nou Eixav 
Evtax9Ei 010 Koppa avdpeoa otov Io6?in 1936 koi aio ieAoc; tou iSioo xpd- 
vou, xcopi? va exouv Sia^dasi koi noM tov Mafx; ri va ^epouv kqi nonAd yia in 
Pwoia, pe mv EhniSa on twi 6a eppiOKQv npooiaaia anevavn umv avapxia 
sai tnv aneiwapxia twv pazd)v(44). 

Juptpcova pE to BiKd tou oroixeia, to KoppouvtoriKd Kdppa to 1938, eixe 
on! MaoptTn pdvo 10.160 p£\n ora ouvSikotq oe ouvoAo 63.426 KOppaTiwbv 
psAtibv, npdypa nou artpaivei on pdvo Eva pmpd Koppdn fiiav epydTEc;(45). 
(SpavTC; MnopKEvdou nepiypatpei coq zf,f]q ttjv KoivaiviKf] auvSean tou PSUC, 
tou araAtviKou KK Tn.c KoTaAtoviac. 

Aev eIvqi koi nonAd ta pe?in tou PSUC nou Eivai PiopnxaviKoi epydiE?. To (610 
SnAiivEi on exei 46.000 peAn ia nEpioodtEpa and ia onoia eivai Kparmoi u- 
ndAAnAoi, payazdtcpec, epnopoi, G^Kopaimoi, aoiuvopoi, Siovooiipevoi xai a- 
Ypdte?... To KoppouvioiiKO Koppa onpEpa eivai oe peydAo paOyd 10 Kdppa 
tou atpatiwiiKoti kqi SieuSwiiKou npoouniKou, koto 6eutEpo Aoyo 10 Kdppa 
tcov piKpoaoicbv Kai tov rrAouaidt£p(ov aypoiiKcov orpopdicov, Kaid tpiro Adyo 
lav unaAAiiAcov koi koto leiapio A6yo to Kdppa xm Piopnxavm6v EpyatMv. 
MnaivoviD? oto Ki'vnpa xcopi^ va exei kov pia unapKin opydvuon, KatdpSojae 
omv nopeia rou eptpuAiou ndtapou va npooeAKuoei ekeIvo ia oioixeia, pe ti? 
andipei? kqi ia ooptpepovia iov onoiwv ouptpuvouoe n noAi;iKn rou(46}. 

O 5r)Awpevoc; apiSpdc, twv uskm tou KKI au^f)8n,Ke and 20.000 to 1934, 

1IF1ANIA 1936 33 



oe 35.000 to (DAepapn tou 1936, 102.000 to Man koi 1 17.000 tov louAn.. *6a- 
vovrac; orov louvq tou 1937, to KKI koi to PSUC paft nAnoia(av to eva exa- 
Topfjupio peAn. xai "eixav yivei o KupiapxoQ napdyovrac; ornv noAmKii £&)f| 
TTiq lonavia(;"(47). 

Oi TfttTtci tou looiaAtOTiKou Kduu.aTO<^ nou eixav apxiKd uxTaKivnSEi 
npo$ VapiorEpd ora xpdvia avdpeoa 1933-36, Ttijpa eixav yivei "uneOBuvoi" 
koi u.eTpiona8ei<;, anoTeAtiivrat; omv npayu.QTiK6Tn.Ta ttiv oupa tou Kou.u.ou- 
vjotikou Kdu.paTo<;. Tov AnpiAn, tou 1936 q opydvuan. Ma5piTn,c; tcdv SooiaAi- 
OT(i)V SiaK^puTre: 

To npoAeiapidio 8ev npenEi v'auTonepiopiaiei otnv unepdanian in? aaimn? 
6nnoKpaiia?, aAAd npenei va xpnoiponoinaei ko9e uiao yta va e^aatpaAioei 
mv KardArnjm in? noAitiKd? eijouaia? |i£ pidxo mv enii£u?n in? own? tou koi- 
va>vixn? enavdoiaon?. Iin peiaBaiiKfi nepiooo and inv KamtaAiaiiKn am ao- 
oiaAiatiKd Koiwovia n uop<pft m? Ku6£pvnon? 9a eivai n SiKiatopia iou npoAe- 
Tapidiou(48). 

Mta avTlaTOLxni apioTepn, Sean eixE ndpei Kai a Adpyra KapnayiEpo. Itic; 
24 M6n 1936 BnAtove: 

Oiav 6iaanaot£i to Adfxd MSrano, koi to Aawd Meicono 9a 6iaonaaTEi, o 
9piapBo? mv epyaiuv 0a eivai BeBoio?. Tdie 9a BdAoixie atnv npd?n inv 6i- 
Kiaiopia iou npoAeiapidiou, nou 6ev onuoivei mv Kaianieon tou npoAeiapid- 
tou, aAAd tnv Kaianieon mv KamraAiatiKc&v koi arniKwv id?e(i»v{49). 

Opwc, 6tov o Adpyw) Kaunaytepo eyive npuSunoupyoq, ot Tdvot dAAa- 
£av: "HptiiTa npenei va Kepdfooupe tov ndAepo koi uorepa uxiopouue va u.t- 
Anpouu.E yra ttjv enavdoraoTf (50). 

Oi AvapxiKol enai^av eva Kploipo poAo ornv lanaviKn, Enavdoraan. Tia 
npdjin. (popa ottiv icrropia Ppe9n,K.av oro kevtpo Tn,q TaJ;iKf)c, apevac;, ei5iKd 
ornv KaToAwvia. flEpaaav and eva peyoAo teot koi aneiuxav naTayiuSwq. 
EriEiof] apvidvTOuaav k68e eidouc; KpaTiKh, opydvaon., ot AvapxiKol 5ev exa- 
vav Tnv 5idKpiori avdpeoa o'evo aaTiKd Kpdioq ki eva epyaTiKd Kpdtoq. 
0|iu<; n KOTdppeuari tou snlorju,ou KpdTOUc; to 1 936 d<pnve eva Kevd. Auoko- 
Aa ujiopoiioE Kaveiq v'anocpuyei va oiioxi anavrnoeic; oro noioc 6a KdAume 
auTd to kevo. H andvTnor) tcov Avapxinwv tjtov u.ia deEid erTiAoyn,: pnf]Kav 
ottiv KuPEpvnan. O ny^Tirc ino, CNT NTieyo Apd6 vte ZovtiAov, eAeye otic 

34 linANIA 1936 



13IenTEMPpn1936: 

H eioo5oq m? CNT ornv REvrpiKii KUpepvnon eivai evq and ta mo onuavriKd 
yeyovdia ainv ioropia in^ xopac; na?, H CNT niov navroie, and nenoi6non 
Kai yia Adyouq apxn?, avti-KpQTiaiiKn kqi evdviia as. k60e jjopcpn Kup^pvn- 
an?... AMd oi ouvGfiKEg exow peiaBdAAei m (poem iou lanavmou Kpdiou? koi 
mq KuBepvnan?... H KuBepvnon exei nd^iei va eivai pia Suvapn KaiaaioM? e- 
vdviia ornv epyatiKn tdfn, dna? koi to Kpdio? 6sv eivai ma Eva dpyavo nou 
xflipizEi tnv Koivci>via oe id^ei?. Kai la 6uo 9a OTajiainoouv tnv Kaianieon iou 
Aaou, aKoiia nEpioodiepo and m ariyyn noo n CNT ounepiAaufidvETOi ora dp- 
yavd iou^51). 

H aviKavdrnTa twv AvapxiKaiv va npowOfiaouv u.ia evaAAaKTiKf) KpaTiKfi 
opydvwan anevavn can, xpeotconia t^c; aoTiKi^c; 6n,noKpaTiaq, eduae tt| 5u- 
vaTdTT|Ta oro Kouu-Ouvicttko KdpiJa koi touc; ouppdxouQ tou va unovopeu- 
oouv Tn.v enavdoraoT). Oncoc entxeipripaToAoyouae o TpdTow: 

To va anoKnpuneis inv KaidAnijin inc; e^oooias, eivai oa va eyKaioAeinei? e9e- 
Aovtmd tnv e^ouaia ae auiou? nou inv kotexow, atout; £KU£taAAeuie?, H ou- 
oia Kd&e Enavdoiaon? BpioKOTav koi BpiOKEiai oto dn Bdzei uja vea id?n ornv 
e^oooia, 8lvovids in? etoi in 5waidmTa va uAonoidoei to npdypqjpd m?. D* 
vai a6iavdmo va unpuooei? tov hoAeiio, aAAd v'opvEioai m vlwi. Eivai a6ia- 
vdnio va oBnyEi? n? u.dzE? OTnv e^EyEpan xwpf? va exei? npoEioijiaaiEi yia 
mv wjtdAn^n m? e5ouaki?{52). 

iloAAd XPOva n P lv - T o 1931, o TpdTOta, eixe oxeddv npotpnTeuoei \ii a- 
Kpipcia to u.£AAov tiov Avapxmwv peoa ottiv tanaviKfi EnavdOTaan: 

Oi avapxoauvfiiKaAiaTE? apvouvtai mv noAniKd HExpi m aiiy|jn noo tou? md- 
vouv and to yioKd: idte kovouv idno ornv nototiKfi, aAAd Suaiuxtii? ornv noAi- 
iiKd m? ex9pixn? td^n?. . . And in onyuA nou o avapxoauvSwaAiaud? otnv 
lonavia, ueiaKiveiiai avandqieuKia npo? inv mo a^oAunntn koi ysAoia xpeoKo- 
nia, 8ev undpxet aptpipoAia on n IanaviKn Enavdotoan 9a Eivai n lacpdnAaKa 
iou Avapxioyou. AAAd npsnei va e^aotpaAiooupE on n iaqx3nAaKa too avapxo- 
ouv8iKaAiapou 8ev 9a yivei tauidxpova koi n latponAaKa in? Enavdaia- 
cm?(53}. 

riOLoq f|Tav o pdAoc; tou POUM; To yaAAd(pa>vo EVTuno tou POUM, La 

linANIA 1936 35 



Revolution Espagnole, oiaKrjpurre otic; 3 lzmt\i$pr) tou 1936 on n owtotq- 
pia tou npoXETaptaiou exei fiSr) npaYpaTonoin,8ei: "Aev utpiOTaiai 6mAh. t- 
^ouaia ornv KaTaAaMa. H epyaTiKh, mfy] exei tov anOTeAeopanKd eAeyxo 6- 
Ariq iric; KOiva)viac;(54). Itiq 6 IenTepf3pn. o nY^Tnq tou POUM, AvTpsaq Niv 
eAeye oe pia pa^iKrj ouyKEvrpajor) 6ti y\ epyaTiKn, Ta^n Eixe KEpSiaEi n.8n Tnv 
KpaTiKfi c^ouoia ornv lanavia. 

Tuvrpotpoi, 6Aa to ouyKEKpipeva npoBAtipaTO. thc; GnuoKpaTiKric; Enavd- 
oiaanc;, nou n aaTiKn, TtSf*) OTdBriKe aviKavn, va iKavonoir'iaei, AOBnrav an6 
to EvonAo npoAETapidio psaa oe AiysQ pepec;" [x£ipoKpOTf|paTa](55). 

gftc; 26 ISTTrepPpti 1936, dnux; exoupe anpeitboet, to POUM pnrjKE ainv 
KuBepvnan tiiq KaTaAwviac; kch o Niv cyivs unoupydc; AfKaiooUvnc,. Htov y£- 
paioc Eucpopia. Opcoc; ri enindAaia unepasasoSo^ia tou SpiaKOTav oe nAfipri 
avrieeort pe to yeyovoto. Ontuc; nspiypdcpouv oi Mnpous koi Tepip, j\ via ku- 
PEpvrior], 

jje mv unoairpsh in? CNT koi tou POUM, mav ornv npaypaiiKOTnia n 6ava- 
iiKh KaiaSlKn ins esbuaias iwv Ennponuv. Tnv In OKi6fJpn n Enirponri Avti- 
{paoiouKdiv ricAnoqjukiKwv QuioSioAuBnKE kqi p'ew pavKpeoio oioBsmoE 
mv noAiTiKn ins veac. KuBEpvnonc;. Ins 9 OKtappn, eva Sidiaypa PS tnv ^V K P 1_ 
on tou Niv kqi iwv unoupyew ins CNT, SidAuae "us ToniKes Emiponss, avs- 
sapinia and tov riiAo n io OKono touc; kq86s kqi oAes tis opyavmaEis nou eI- 
xav onpioupynBEi yia va avnoiaBouv ora avatpentiKO Kivnpa (too <J>pavKo) oe 
6An mv KaTaA«via(56). 

Arapa koi dTav to POUM 5twx8n.K£ ano Tn,v KuBepvnan, Petcs ano aiTnpa 
tou KK, otic; 17 AExepPpn 1936, n unepBoAiKh, aioioSo^ia ouvexiarriKS. H La 
Batalla, Ep^aviornKE pe tov nepri,<i>avo tItAo "5ev Eivai 5uvqt6v va KuBepvn,- 
cets x^P'c; to POUM, noAii nepiaadTepo evavria oto POUM". Ta ysyovoTa 
E5ei^av oti njav Suvotov (57), H KpiTiKti tou TpoTOKi Yia inv eiaooo tou 
POUM ornv KuBEpvnan lyrav OKAr)pn, aAAd anoAuTUC; SiKaioAoYnpevn: "Aev 
undpxEi. pEyaAuTEpo £YKAn,pa ano Tnv auppaxia pe Tnv ao™h. TdJjn oe pia 
nsptoSo oooraAtcmraic; Enavaoraanc;"{58), 

H Eioo5oc; tou POUM ornv Ku(5epvnor| ouvaomopou eAAotwoe tic; niE- 
oeic; nova) ornv retain Tr]q CNT Yia va eABEt oe pf)^n ps tt|V aoriKri Ta^r). 

TpOICKt EKOVE KpiTlKfj OTOUC; TiYSTEC; TOU POUM OTI nTOV HOAil OUpfSlGaOTlKOi 

ancvavTi cnriv CNT. I l£n, end Ttq 31 Man, 1931, aneppiriTe oav evteAoic; Aav- 
36 ISnANIA 1936 



BaopEvn tdv avTipETtomcrn nou eix£ to MnAoK twv EpYOT(iv koi Aypotijv 
(BOC), n, peAAovTiK!^ Kuplapxn 5uvapn M£°a oto POUM, ansvavTi otouc; 
AvapxwoOc;, 

H KaiariaviKri OpoonovSSa (onou eniKpaiouae to BOC)... exsi ndpei pia uno- 
xcopniiKn 8ton an^vavn otous avapxoauv8iKa?iiatES. Am6 onpalvei 6n exei a- 
vriKQTaoinaEi tnv erravaoiQiiKn ^o^lTIKh tou Evialou pETd)nou p£ mv onoprou- 
viotiKfi noAniKn iou KoAonidopaios imv avapxoauv8iKaAiai6v. .(59). 

Ot hyetec; tou POUM n6vTOt£ 5ianpaYMQTCuovTav pe Tnv CNT oto £n(ns- 
6o Tnc, nYEoiac;, IHote 5ev npoandBnoav v'an£u6uv9ouv OTri paar) tijc;, i- 
6ioc;oNLv5r!\wvE: 

Eivm (pavspo 6n unapxEi 6ia<|)opa avdpeoa am ^aan ko.i amv nyEaia ins 
CNT, ahAa 8ev sxoupe aAAo Spopo ano to va npocrEYyiooupe oe pia oupepa)- 
via pe mv nyscjia m? kqi pE aui6 iov ipdno va KepSiooupE Kanoia gmppon am 
Paan!60). 

napaSo^coc; o TponoQ pe tov onolo to POUM avTipETwraoE teAik6 touc; 
AvapxiKoOq kqi tt> CNT tiiav ps to va ipuQ^Ei eva ^Ex^P'oio &iko tou ouv5i- 
koto - Tn FOUS. TpoTOKi eppriveuoe uq e^nc; auTf) irjv evepYEia: 

(Oi nyEtes tou POUM) yia va pnv e?i9ouv ae auyKpouan pE mv nyEaia t«v 
AvapxiKfflv, 6ev Ecpua^av Sikous ious nupnves pica am CNT kqi ysviKd an£- 
qiuycv to kqvouv napippaon am jiaan ms.. ■ 

To POUM ariE(puyE auin tnv rropeppaan yia va pnv npoKaAEaei svoxAiiOEis 
axis koives aovavinaEis imv nyeaicov kqi yia va pnv xdaEi m Suvaidmia nou 
eixe va naizEi to pdAo tou aopPooAdiopa ins CNT.. . Oi ny£i£S :ou POUM pi- 
Aouaav pe in psyoAuiEpn eixppd8£ia yia ta nAsovEKinpaia tns aoaiaAiaiiKns 
enavdataans oe axeon pe tnv aaTiKn enavdaiaon. AAA6 6ev enavav tinoto 
oo^apd yia va npoEioipdoouv aoni in ooaiaAiatiKn enavdoTaan. Ki auid £- 
n£i8h pia isioia npoEtoipaaia 6a ohpaivE mv lohpnpn. aAunmn, apEiAmtn ki- 
vnionoinon kbv AvapxiKwv. Koppouviatav, loaiaAiatav Epyaifflv Evavna aus 
npodoiiKEs nyeaies tout;. Hiav avayKaio oi nyeies tou POUM va pn qio^n- 
9ouvva Siaxtopiotouv and auies nsnYeoiES, eat© ki avauid 8a iaus eBqze 
oto aioxaoTpo 6Aav i&>v undAomwv. Na npo«9ouv aixpnpd koi xaBapa auv- 
9hpaia, va npo£i6onoio6v yia mv "aupiavn p£pa" Kai xpnaiponoi6vias to i8ia 
ia ysyovota va npowBouv mv apcpioPnmon tcov enionpov nyEai<£>v pe otoxo 

IinANIA 1936 37 



irw avaiponri iou^(61). 

To ouvSikGto tou POUM, me tov Ntv oav yevrnd YpappaTea, apiBpouoe 
nsplnou 60.000 uiAn,, dnou to nepioobicpa fotCW undAAnAoi{62). ApKEi kqi 
pdvo m ouYKpion tie xri CNT nou etxe Evb[iLan EKOTotiudpio kqi iqv UGT ue 
Eva napduoio apiQvio ueAcbv. To (pTtat^o Tnq FOUS hjav Eva 6avaTn<pdpo 
AdBoq, aipou koi to POUM nai n CNT Eixav tti Bdan Touq orqv KaTaAuivia, d- 
nou npatmKd dAq n Biounxavmn EpyoTiKr) ia^n uTav opYavwuevn orn CNT. 

AixtuQ va 6xei KQiaid EUKaipia eniBitoonq oav avet^pTnin opyavuiori, r\ 
FOUS anotpdoioe tov XenTEuppn tou 1936 va EvawuaT0)8£i omv UGT, eoto) 
kl av auTfi n EpyaTiKii Xuvouoanovdia 8ev eixe oxeoov koBOAou cnippoh 
omv KoTaAcovia. H ti,t\yr\ar] nou edwoE o Niv arn La Batalla tljq 23 lerrreii- 
Bpn 1936 ryrav eSaipewd avenapKiiq: "Oi ouvdiKoAiouevoi EpydTEq nou npo- 
oavaToAitpvrai orov avapxioub npEnei va opyavweouv utt\ CNT, auToi nou 
npooavaToAitavrai i] EnnpEdtpvTOi and Touq MapSiareq npEnei va opYavw- 
9ouv crrnv UGT"(63}. H cutiBiBacmKn, noXiTiKr 1 ) tou POUM ansvavri arouq n- 
YEtec; tt^Q CNT, uno8or|8ouoe ornv npaYP-QTiKOTnTO Tnv unoxupnTiKdinra 
tt]C CNT anEvavri OTOuq iTaAiviKOuq koi Touq ouu.u6xouq Touq. Aut6 KOTadi- 
Kaae w enavdaraoTi ornv teAiki^ lirra. TpdTOKi ypa<pei: 

tt aviiSean u.e auid nou Kai to i8io to POUM em&faKE oav aidxouc;, to 
POUM Qnooiix9nK£ oe leAEUTOia avdAuan on titqv euno6io aro opdpo via to 
xtIoiuo evdc; EnavaaTOTiKou KdpuoToc;... H enavdOTaan anooipEtpeiai tov ke- 
vrpiopo... apioTepos KEvrpiarids, i8ialTEpa Kara and EnavaaranKEs auvOd- 
kes, eivai EToipos vanoSExSei EikoAa to npoypauriQ in? cooiaAiaiiKnc; Enavd- 
oiaanq kqi dev laivKoovEueTai nc 6opup<b6eis cppdaEic. Opcoc. n uoipaia ao6E- 
veio tou KEvipioyou Eivai 6n 6ev unopd va PyoAet la 9appa?ila taiuiKd mi op- 
VavtoTiKd oopnepdauara and tic; vevikec; iou avTiAnijjeici64). 



38 linANIA 1936 



H AMYNA THE MAAPITHZ 

Mexpi tov AeKeuBpn o ndAEu.cn; nf|YaivE doy/ipa yia Tnv AruioKpaTia. 
*pdvKo eixe tov feAeyxo tou iiEYaAuTepou ^epouQ tou orpaxou, bAri tt|v ae- 
ponopla koi n, rEp|iaviKii koi ItqAikti BoriSeia tou eSive to nAEOvfi icrriija tou 
KaAuTEpou eJjOnAiauou. Xtti didpKEia tou KaAoKaipiou koi tou tpBivdnajpou, 
oi SuvdfJEic; Ttov cpaoioTwv npoEAauvav OTaSEpa otic; pdpEiEt; xai votio5uti- 
Keq ncpioxE'c; Triq lonaviac;, £xovTaq v'avrtpeTwnioouv pdvo tic; eAOxiotec; ra- 
areq othv KuBtpvnon orpaTttOTiKec; u.ovd8cc; tqjv aYpOTiKtiiv outwv Enap- 
X«iiv. 

H KOTaaroA^ nou okoAouBouoe to n£paau.a tidv ipaoiOTdbv i'itov avEAen.- 
■m,. Ra napdSeiYMa, o'eva opEivd x^ptd BopEia ttic; MadpiTTiq ouv^AaBav koi 
touc; 31 kqtoikouc; nou eixav (JjritptoEi unEp tou Ao'ikou Meranou or«; ekAo- 
Yec;. Meto and pia oiivTopn avOKpion, SekotpeIc; and aurouc; EKTEAEOTnKav 
Eni Tdnou. Ith Adpo vteA Pto, u.ia KcoudnoAn 1 1 .000 kotoIkcov kovtO orn Ie- 
PiAn, ndvw and 300 kotoikoi EKTEAcoTTiKav and touc; (paoiorsq. H raTOoroAii 
t^tov aKdpa MEYaAuTEpn. ariq ndAeiq, 6toi coote aKd^a koi ofmepa va \lt\v Ei- 
vai yvtooTdq o OKpi8f)q api8|idq twv Bumotwv Tn.q (paoioriKt^q 8ripia)5laq. 

Tov Noep.ppn tou 1936 o Opdvuo elxe nArpiaaEi crra nepixwpa Tnq Ma- 
dpiTTiq. H TTTcbon T^q npwTEuouoaq 0a oi'ipaive pia anofpaoioTiKii v\kt\ tq>v 
cpaoiarav, aAAd toutoxpovo 6'acpaipouoE and to AaiKd M^Ttono Tn Suvoto- 
TtiTa va sptpavi^ETai oto EfjcoTEpiKd oav tt]v vdpinn KupEpvrian Tnq lonaviaq. 

H KuPepvnori Kai oi nYETeq twv xoupaTcuv tou AOikou MeTtimou koi twv 
ouv5ik6twv edei^av to ndoo KaTavooiiv xr\ ar\\iaoia Tnq pdxnq Tnq MadptTriq 
lie to va ...uETaKOuloouv otti BaAevSia. H npotpavfjq eAenJin auTonEnolBrionq 
Tn,q KuBEpvricrnq ornv apxn EonsipE tov naviKO o'dAn thv ndAr)- Ouwq, n av d- 
YKr) Tnq unEpdonioriq Tn.q MadpiTTiq odftYuoe orov oxn,p.aT l °ud piaq EntTpo- 
nriq Apuvaq, nou tov eAeyxo Tnq niipe ouvTopa to KopmouviotikO Kdpna. 
Evaq UEYdAoq apiBpdq epyotuv e^onAiarnKe Yia npcoTn (popd koi Opxiaav va 
KOTaoKeudipvTat xapaK03|jaTa ora Kptoipa oriMeia. TauTdxpova dpxioav va 
epxovrai to nptuTa OnAa and Tr\v EI1A. 

Spavnicd pdAo o^v duuva mq MadpiTnq Enai^av oi paxnTeq tiov Aie- 
Bvwv Ta^iapxiwv. rtdvo) and 30.000 eBeAovTeq an' dAo tov koouo EVTdxfln- 
kov ariq Ta^iapxiEq ue Tn. povadmii eniBu^ia va xrunnoouv to tpaoiopd mi 
va naAfiipouv aro nAeupd tcov epyotuiv Tnq lonaviaq. H u.aq*iKii dieOvioriKn 

linANIA 1936 39 



aAAqAEyyuq HTQv ouvcneia evoc; Tepdcmou twquaTOC; auu.napdoTaan.c; nou 
ayKQAia^e EKOToppupia epydTec;. Eivai xapaKTqpioTiKd 6ti, evuj to KK l~aA- 
Aiac; nou empire Tqv ioia enoxn Tny xuBEpvqoq tou raWiKou AaiKou Metu- 
nou, aupipuwqoe va pn v oraAel OTpaTiamKq poqfiEia ottiv AqpOKpaTiKf) lona- 
via, X'At65£t; rdAAoi EpydiEc; EVTdxBqrav otiq TaEjiapxiec;. Oi AieSvoTa^ap- 
XtTet; noAEpqoav ps ndBoc; «ai auToBuaia Kai r| orpaTicoTiKq touc- ouveiatpopd 
qTav psydAq. 

anotpaoioTiKdc; napdyovTac; crrr]V apuva Tqc; Ma6piTqc; oev qTav to 6- 
nAa tou ItcAiv. Hiav ri YEVvaidTqTa Kai n npiOTopouAia twv EpyaTtiiv Tqc; 
npWTEuouaaQ, Oi noAiTOipuAaKec; noAepqoav 5p6po pe 5pou.o, ouxvd oniTi 
u.E aniii. XiAidSet; EpydTEC; nou 6sv eixav KpaTqoEi noTE dnAo, dpna(av eva 
toucdeki, enaipvav to Tpau. kqi nqyaivav ota xapaKcopaTa tou pETumou ottiv 
QKpn Tqc: ndAqq, 

Enei5fi 6cv Eixav avTtapuaTmd onAa, oi epydTec; emvoouoav outooxe- 
dtsc; eicpqicnKEC; ouaKEu^q. Ie (iia pa^iKii auyKevrpwaq evat; and aurouc; E^q- 
youoE tt|V TexviKii tou: "Aoindv, kuto^te, Eivai noAu eukoAo, He^teiq oto I- 
Satpoc; pe yia Pdpfta oto xepi kcm atpqvEic; to tovk va eA8ei pexpi Tpia peTpa 
kovt6 rai tote nsTdc; Tq pdu£a otic; EpnuarpiEc;. Av EKpayEi, to tovk Tivd^e- 
toi arav aepa. Av 6xi-av 5ev eKpaYEi".,.. crrapdTqae yia Atyo pq ^EpovTac; 
nciic; va ouvexiosi. "av Sev eKpayei", auvexioe teAiko., "tote to tovk aou too- 

Ki^El TQ KOKKaAa". 

METd and Eva pqva OKAqpwv ouy«pouaEa>v, q <paoioriKq eni8Eaq exaoE 
Tqv apxtKq oppf] TriQ rai unoxupqas and to psTaino Tqc; MaopiTqq, Aurq q vi- 
Kq nrov pta avdoa yia Tq AqpoKpaTia, orov ndAspo Evdvria crrov c&pdvKO kol 
touc; (paoiaTEQ. Oucoq, and Tqv dAAq nepi6, anpaioSoTnoe kqi to E;EK(vqpa 
tcov EraSEOEQjv Tqc; Kupepyqanc; tou AaiKOu MeTtbnou evdvna otic; KaTdiaq- 
oeiq Tqc; Enavdaraaqq, 

Av Kai auTol nou KEpdtoav Tq uaxn Tqc; Maopitqc; qTav oi 16101 ot EpydTec; 
Tqc; npwTEOouoac;, pqxavLa^idc; tou KoppouviOTWou KdppaToq qTav auTbc; 
nou pyqKC Evioxu^iEvoc;. Exovtoq Tqv anoKAEiOTiKOTqTa Tqc; KaTOxrlc; Kai Tqc; 
5i60EOqq tou Zof3iETiKoQ onAtau.ou, nqpE to ndvw x£pi OTqv Kupepvqaq. Au- 
Tq tq vsa duvauq nou andiaqoe q qyeola tou KK, iqv xpnciponolqoE yia va 
8ds|)£i Kd9s cpuvfi nou ekqve KpiTiKq and T'opioiEpd. 

Tov OAEpdpq tou 1937 to KoppouviOTiKo Kdppa anaiTqoE and Tqv ku- 
PEpvqoq tou AaiKou METCunou kqi tctuxe va EnipAqesi AoYOKpioia oe 6Aa to 

40 IsnANIA 1936 



Evruna tou POUM, ektoc; and Tqv KoTaAcuvia. Stic; 10 OAepdpq q Kupspvqoq 
SqfiEUOE to TunoypacpEia Tqc; Ka6qu.Epivqc; etpqpEpiSac; Tqc; noAiTOcpuAaKf)c; 
tou POUM crrqv MaSpiTq El Compatiente Rojo (0 Kokkivoc; MaxnTrlc;). To [610 
EKave orqv E(pqu£pioa Tqc; veoAaiac; tou oTq BaAsveia Juventud Roja (H Kok- 
Kivq NeoAa(a). AnbnEtpEQ KaTaoToAqc; Eyivav koi cvavna ora evTuna Tqc; 
CNT, To MdpTT) n KupEpvqoq ekAeioe Tqv TOniKn, EtpqpEpida Tqc; CNT orq Xiii- 
pa twv BdOKuv. H ouvraKTiKq ttic; EmTponq (puAaKiorqKe koi to TunoypacpEto 
T 09 napaxcopq0qK£ oto Bookiko Kohpouviotiko Kdppa. H acpoppq yiaTqv B- 
niOEOTi oth CNT qTav to yEyovdc; dTt ot Tonmq qyEoia Tqc; apvf)6qKE va aup- 
PETEXei ae pia opyavtopEvq and Tqv Kupepvqaq KaBoAiKq AEiTOUpyia yia to 
Hdoxa! 2iyd oiyd noAAd peAq tou POUM koi Tqc; CNT dpxioav va "E^acpavi- 
^ovTai" nEcpTovTac; Qufiaxa anaYCoyqc; tcov npaKTopwv Tqc; puormqc; aaruvo- 
pfac; tou lTdAiv, Tqc; GPU, nou eixav kotokAuoei Tqv lonavia, KdTCJ and to 
KdAunija tojv Ats8vwv Ta^iapxicbv. 

Ira l5io xpoviKd SidoTnpa acponWoTqKav 01 noAiTOipuAaKEC; Tqc; Maopt- 
Tqc; koi Tqq SaAEvBia Kai nspiopioTqKav 01 appoSidTqTEq tcdv EpYOTiKtiv koA- 
AEKTipgjy otq EpyooTdoia. To KK dpxiae tic; niEoeic; yia KOTdpyqoq twv evo- 




Mafylm, Wo4#nc; 1936. Evonhot epy6ieqaeiva didhi^a mspaxne;, 

IZFIANIA 1936 41 



nAwv T|jrmaTti)v Tiov epyaTtiiv kqi tt|V avaYKQOTiKii svia^fj Touq o'evo ouyks- 
VTpwuKO "Adi'KO Itpqto", ara npoTuna tou naAioii aoTiraO. TeAma, auTdq o 
oipaioQ enipAf]8r]KE he onoipaon. Tnq Kupepvoanq to rEvapn. ApxiKO oi po- 
vsq noAiTOtpuAaKEq nou ouuueTsixav eSeAAovtiko nrav auTeq nou eAeyxo- 
vtouoov and Touq iTaAivtKouq. 

Ito Bopeto uiTiono Tn,q ApayKdv, aint\ n andcpaon eu.£iv£ ora xapnd, a- 
(pou Kupiapxouoav oi noAiTOtpuAaKEq thq KaTaAumac,, onou to KK eIxe pn- 
5apnvii enippoh- Outoq, to Koupouviotiko Kdupa, xpn^ponoiwvraq ia ku- 
BepvnrLKa peaa pat>fiq nponaydv5aq, apxioe pia ekotpoteIq ouKOcpavntiw 
evdvrta onq noArroipuAoKEq, xapaKTripi^ovTaq tic; "aveKnaiSeuTa Kai ansi- 
6apxa otopaTa, avirava va avTurraSoiiv anoTEAeapaTiKd crrov ctpdvKo", Au- 
to to eAeye W Touq epydTeq nou KpaTrioav nava) Touq to tpopTio tou OKAiy 
poii noAepou evdvna OTOuq cpaoioTeq yia £^n oAoKAnpouq privsq as ndAeiq 

Kai xtopia! 

(tnavovTaq n avo^n tou 1937, eIte pe Tr]V dypia KaTOOToAf], efte pe ttiv 
ouvExn nponaydv8a, oi KaTaKTnaEtq m$ Enavdaraanq eixav nspiopiorei arj- 
uavriKd oto auvoAo axeSov Tnq AnjiOKpanKiiq lanaviaq, pE e^dipEan, to ena- 
vaoTOTiKQ nponupyia Tn.q KaraAmviaq kqi iqq ApayKdv, le auTeq Tiq nepio- 
XEq, napa nq unoxwpr)OEiq twv nyeaiwv Triq CNT Kai tou POUM, Kupiapxou- 
oe o snavaoraTtKoq evSouaiaapdq. 



H AIAAYEH THE EPrATIKHE E20YEIAE 

Oi pdoudosq nou OKoAouBnaav to yeyovdTa Tn.q 19 loOAn 1936, xapQKTn.- 
ptorriKav and pia ouvexn ndAn. avdpeoa arnv npoAsTapiaKii e^ouoia tcdv ep- 
YooTooiaKiJV envrpontbv kqi Tn.q evonAfjc; epyanKiiq noAiTOtpuAaKn,q, Kai arnv 
Kupepvnon tffiv AnnoKpaTiK(i)v. Ano tt\ ouyKpouan KEpSiopsvn, pyn,K£ r\ te- 
AEUTaia, 

Inq 9 OKTtoBpn 1936 r\ Kupspvipn anocpdoias va SiaAOaei Tiq Ennponeq 
Kai va enavatpepei onq 8£OEiq Touq tic; naAteq TontKeq 5ioiKh.O£iq. H avriopa- 
or] thq Bdariq tou POUM OTn, auHHSTOxn Tiqq riYeoiac; ttiq otti 6taAuor] Ttuv 
EniTponcov htov u-syaAri- Tia napaSeiYpa otti AepiSa, as. pia nspioxn nou n 
5uvau.n tou POUM f|Tav noAu pEyaAn, 5iapapTupti6riKav paOra 6Aeq oi Toni- 

42 lEnANIA 1936 



Keq opyavikJEiq tou KoppaToq. TeAiko o AvTpeaq Ntv nfiye pa^i he sva ku- 
PEpvrjTtKO KAipaKio yia va Touq nEiosi eitl Tonou va 5ex8°uv to Aidiaypa yia 
TT|V KQTapYnort Ttov EntTponwv. 

YnoSexGnKav mv Ku|3spvnTiKn avrinpoawnEici pe ia onAa ota xepia, aAA6 oiav 
siSav iov Niv avapsaa aioue a^ioparouxouc;, unoraxBnKav ainv KOppaiiKii 
nei9apxia kqi auptpawnoav. , , luc, 16 NoEpPpn, acpou oi Siapapiupiec; eixqv 
axEHKd Kondaei, n Kupepvnan ins KaiaAcovias ps veo Aidiaypa KarapynoE 6- 
?ie? tic; 3000 Beaeic; tov ennponcov, t<ov haimv Smaotnpiwv KAn, on? nspta- 
aoiEpsc ano nc onoiec; gpiaKOviav EpyaiEc, Eiai o okeAeto? ins EpyaTiKng e- 
^ouaiag nEpiopiairiKE onpavtiKd(65), 

Inq 28 OKTtbppn 1936 anocpaaiart)Ke o acponAiopoq tov epyaTCbv. 

HsKivnoE jjia anonEipa yio inv anoKaidaTaon rnc; aaiiKiic; aotwopiiac. Tou^ 
npffltouc pnvEc pera i% 19 IouAn 1936, ta KaBriKovta aaiuvopeuans avfiKav 
anoKAeioTiKd atic. epyaiiKEs nepinoAou? ainv Kaia^covia Kai am piAiiaia arn 
Ma6pim Kai otn BaAev8ia... H avapiroon ins aoriKns aoiuvopias EnixsipnOn- 
Ke uiaa and in 8ioyK&jan in? pExpi iote pmpiis 5uvapns tcov leAcoviaKav 
cppoupdsv, lav Kapapnivepos- Me SraiayES tou unoupyou Omovou.iK^v, Ne- 
yKpiv, oi Kapapnivepoc psiapdnnKav oe pia jktpid onAiapevn 8^vopn npana- 
piavd>v nou scpiaae ious 40.000 dv5pEs. 

Ins 28 c^AePapn 1937, anayopeumKE aious KapapravEpos v avnKouv oe no- 
Aiiikq Kdppaia kqi ae ouvSikqiq n aKopa Kai va napaKoAouOouv paziKes au- 
YKEvipcbOEis. To ioxooE Kai yia in Guardia Civil. OAa auia ia pEipa anooKO- 
nouaav aro va eyyunBouv on o poAos ins aoiwopias 6a niav svavna ara sp- 
yaiiKd Kivnpa... 

Meio tov AnpiAn 1937 oi epyoiiKes noAiiotpuAaKES Enaipav va ecjaaKouv k60e 
opaornpidTnta eAevxou am MaSpim Kai in BaAMIia(66). 

O c&pavTq MnopKEvaou ekove Tn. ouyKpiaq avdpcaa anq EVTunuaEtq nou 
anoKduiox Tn,v npajTrj tpopd nou EntaKecpQnKe tjiv lanavia tov Auyouoro tou 
1936 Kai niv SEUTEpr] eniaKei(jr] tou to tDAePdprj 1937; 

O aipatdc nou epAEna niav evieAms 6iacpop£iiKds and in piAiioia nou Eixa 
yvcopioEi iov Auyouoio. Ynnpxe oAocpavspn SiaKpian avdpEaa oious ac]iwpa- 
iikous Kai tous aipaiiQies - oi npaioi cpopouaav kqAutepes otoAes koi yaAd- 
via. H npoenavaaraiiKri aoiuvopiKn 66va{jn, n Guardia Civil (nou eIxe peiovo- 

IZnANIA 1936 43 



paatef oe Guardia Nacional Republicana) nrav navraxou napouaa kqi 6ev Sho- 
ve inv napapiKpn npoonaOeia va £p(paviai£i aav npoAetapiaKn{67). 

Mia rroAu ^wvravn. nepiypcHph, top tys(\<; orn BapKeAwvn. tov AnpiXn 1937, 
epxcTai and Tnv ntva tou T^piC OpyoueA: 

Tdipa ia npdypaia favaydpizav oto ravovwd, Tq noAuiEAn EOtiatdpia kqi ?*e- 
vo&oxeia ntav yepdia nAouoiou? nou Katapp6x9izav QKpiPa yeupaia, evw yia 
iov EpyazdpEvo nAn8uap6 O! tipE? tew ipo<pipo)v Eixav nvax0£i Ota utpn xcopi? 
avtiaioixn au?nan twv pEpoKdpaioov.nEpa ano inv OKpi^Eia unnpxE Kai jjia ou- 
vexo? SAAenpn ndiE iouiou kqi note rou dAAou Eioou? nou, dnco? niav tpuoiKd, 
EnAmtE nEpioaoTspo iou? (proxou? napd iou? nAouoiou?. Ta ECmaidpia kqi ta 
fsvoSoxEia 6ev (paivetai va ouvaviouoav peydAE? 6ucjKoAie? omv npoph0Eia 
onoioufinnoTE avaQou n9EAav aAAd an? EpyatiKE? ouvoiKie? oi oops 5 yia V" 
ui, EAai6Aa5o kqi dAAa Ei6n npcoin? avtiyKn? Eixav pnKO? EKaiovtdSe? psipa. 
riponyoupEva)? otn BapKsAcovn sixa EviunoaiaotEi and mv anouaia nbv zn- 
navtov. Ttbpa unnpxav riAh9n and 001065. E£a> and ra Eonaidpio Eiofpaiv (pa- 
yniuv tn? AEGxpdpou PdpnAa?, opd8e? ?undAm©v naiSi&v ntav k68e atiypii e- 
loips? va pazeurauv oa apdpi peAtooE? yupto and iov Ka9eva nou ePyaivE kqi 
va ?£!pa>vizouv yia Aiya anotpdyia, 0) enavaaiaiiKE? Ewppdoei? enaipav aiyd 
01yd va xpnoiponoioiiviai. Tccpa oi dyvoaioi ondvia oe npoacpcovouoav p£ to 
11 ou" Kai 10 "oiivrpotpE", luviiBo? dKOuye? "kupie" Kai "aei?". To "ysid oou" 
dpxioE avxiKa9icrtaTai and to "xqipete". Oi aepjJndpoi ^avaqxSpeoav ta koAAo- 
piaid tou? nouKopioa Kai 01 undAAnAoi aia KaiaotnpaTa ?"avaniacav to Sou- 
AonpEnE? otuA... Me Evaveppeoo, AoBpaio tpdno enavepxdiav n npaKiiKn tou 
cpiAoScopnpaio?... koi ?avavoi?ov ta Kapnape Kai ia pnopvieAa m? uipnAn? koi- 
vawiac;, noAAd and ta onola Eixav kAeiotei and n? epyaiiKE? nEpmdAou?(68). 

H TeXiKf) EniBcan, twv XtqMvikuv koi tow auppdxuw touc; evdvTia OTny 
epyariKr) e^ouoia Tn,<; KaiaAwviat; EfiOia^e on PpioKdTav noAii kovto. 



TA TErONOTA TOY MAH 

To Mdn, 1937 r\ qyeoia tou KoppouvtaTtKou Kdu^iaToc; kqi oinaxpovtc; 
Tnc; OTn, Mdoxa svotwoav apKETb loxupoi yia va npoxupnoouv otov anoKt- 

44 IIHAN1A 1936 



(paAiauo x69e npoAeTapiOKfic; avTinoAiTeuoric; oto KevTpo tt|c; Enavdoraorit; • 

OTH BopKEAli)W|. 

H eniBEon ^EKivrioe oe uta tpdan nou n KuBepvriori avTipETuni^e au^npt- 
va oiKovopiKd Kai koivcjviko npopAfmaTa. Ot Mnpout kqi Tepiu. ypdcpouv: 

H aapaywyn ota Epyooidaia npoxcapouaE pe noAu apyou? poBpou?. To ou- 
omiia nponn9£iwv niav avunapKto, <o? KQtaorpo^iKd omv nEpimQon tcov tpo- 
cpijimv. To Kootoq zwii? SinAaoiaotriKE avdpEoa otov louAn 1936 kqi otov 
Mdpm 1937, sveb 01 uio9of aixjn6nKav pdvo 15%. To oioitio 6ev EnapKOUOE. 
Ynnpxav atEAEiatEs oupeg otoug (poupvoug, evdj n paupn ayopd av9ouaE. Ta 
EOoatdpta eixav ^avavoi^Ei. aKopa koi am BapKEAavn, aAAd 01 iip£<; tou? A- 
TavanAnaiaotES. Oi SioiKniiKE? unnpEoie? nou Eixav avtiKaTaoTnoEi ti? Em- 
tponE?, eixav petaipanEi oe dv6pa 6ia(p9opd?. Oi EcpnpEplfis? tou POUM kqi 
tn? CNT riiav yEpdtE? and ypdppata avayvajotav nou ayavaKtouoav yia 10 
Kdato? zcah? Kai zmouoav va jinEi eva ieAo? ota npovopia Kai inv aviodima. 
Iti? 14 AnpiAn Eyive pia 6ia6nA&>on yuvamwv evdvtia otnv au^non in? tipji? 
tuv tpo<pipa>v. Opa)?, ta noAnmd Kdujjata Kai 01 ouvSmaAiotiKe? opyavwoEi? 
6ev orapaTouaav va zniouvand tou? epydte; SuoIe? aav "auvEiotpopd" orn 
oipaiitotiKii avtipetamian tou *pdvKo. OAa auid Snpioupyouoav otov Kdopo 
OKEmiKiopd «ai niKpia(69). 

H avTinoAiTEuon npoq ornv KUpfepvrian, dAo Kai cpouvrcovE. 

lm BapKeAiivn, kqhoioi aycovioiE? nou avtiopouoav otn otpaTiwiiKonoinon 
in? piAiioia?, Snpioupynoav tnv opdfia &ihoi rou Nwupoun (and to dvopa 
tou avapxiKou nyEin pia? and 11? mo Suvaie? koi (pnpiopEVE? EpyatiKE? noAiio- 
cpuAaKE? nou e(xe 0K0ia9El otn pdxn yia tnv unepdanion in? Maopitn?). Oi 
0ihoi rou /Vroupourjdpxioav va Katavoouv on yia va vmnoei n enavdoiaan 
xpEiazdiav Eva enavaotatiKd Kdppa nou 9a egazE pnpo? tnv npoonTiKii tn? e- 
Spaicoon? tn? EpyatiKn? eCouoia?. Pia to oxond auid |eKivnoav tnv ekoooh 
in? Ecpnpepi6a? El Amigo del Pueblo (0 <t>iAo? tou Aaou). le pia naptpAeia 
nou KUKAoipdpnoav tov Mdptn iou 1937 eyfxxpOT: "nepaaav okto ptive? no- 
Aspou ki Enavdoiaon?, BAsnoupE pE Pa9id OAiipn tnv anopdKpuvon and mv 
nopeia in? enavdoiaon?... Oi gpydie? Snpioupynoav AvtiqxaoiotiKe? Enitpo- 
ns?, ToniKE? EniTpon^?, IlEpindAou? EAiyxou, aAAd oKi©pnv£? apyotEpa 6ev 
exei onouEivei Tinora". Ztq teAo iou AnpiAn yEpioav tou? toixou? tn? BapKE- 
Aebvn? p£ atpioe? nou KaAouoav oe avotxinpn^n pE mv nyeoia in? CNT Kai 

IinANIA 1936 45 



zntouaav va nepdoei dAn n E^ouoia ainv EpyatiKn ia?n kqi ma onuoKpaiwa 
dpyava ta>v epyaicov, tov aypoicav koi twv OTpatitoid™ - cnnv ouaia oia Epya- 
iik6 aupPouAia. Oi 0£oei? nou eK<ppozav 01 <Piho\ rou Niovpouu niav napdpoi- 
e? pe quie? tou POUM kqi in? vsoAaia? iou, in? JCI: "0 nd?t£po? ks n enQva- 
oiaon Eivoi 6uo unoOeoEi? nou 6ev pnopouv va 6iaxci0piaiouv. Ze Kapid nEpi- 
nnoan, 6ev pnopoupE va 6ex6ouu.e on n Enavaaiaon npenEi v'avafJAnQei via 
peia to ieAo? in? oipaiiuiiKri? auyKpouan? pE iou? <poaioiE?". Tnv dvoi?n 
too 1937 noAhe? ionw£? opyavcoaEi? in? CNT - FAl annxouaav n? i8ie? i8e- 
e?, nou 11? oiQiunmvav oia eviund iou?, aKopa kqi ainv 181a in? anoyEupaiivn 
E<pnpEpl6a m? CNT am BapKEAavn, La Noche(7G), 

H EAEuSepiaKn Neoftaia Kaiaftwvia? KaidweiftE tnv ouppaxta Koppouviaiajv 
kqi AnpoKpaiiKwv ca pia "lanaviKn aviavoKAaon iwv aupuaxi6v in? EIXA ue 
inv AyvWa kqi in foAMa" , pia auppaxia nou uidxo eix£ "tov cipaYYahiapd 
in? nayKdapia? Enavdaiaon?" . Eivai cpavEpd, Aoindv, on to. ouvQhpaia in? 
VEoAala? iou POUM, in? JCI. Eppiaxav aviandKpion on? ypappe? in? veoAai- 
a? in? CNT. En? 14 <S>?i£papn nEpiaaoiEpoi and 14.000 veoi auyKEvrp(i>0n- 
kov am BapKsAravn yia va iBpuaoov 10 Metamo EnavaaiaiiKn? NEoAaia? Ka- 
laAwvia?, OpiAmE? niav <t>ivre?j Mipd, ypappatsa? in? EAEuBEpiaxh? Neo- 
gala?, EoAavo, ypapuaiea? in? JCJ Kai A?upp£8o MaptivEO, ypappatEQ? 
iou veoTSpuQevio? Metorou. To Kivnpa ypnyopa EfJonAcbSriKE Kai an? tihAs? £- 
napxie?: om Maopim kqi aio AePovte, n EAeu8Epiann NeoAaia koi n JCI dpxi- 
oav va opyavGwouv koive? ouyKEVTpcaoEJ? koi KapndvtE?(71). 

TeMk6 rat n vEoAaia tou IooiqAiotwou KdiJpaToq, x\ JSI, ouonEipii)6r|KE 
oto Meiiono. "Tn.v dvoi^n, tou 1 937 01 auvuriKEC, yta tov enavaoTOTiKd £ean- 
kwu6 dpxtaav va Epcpavicpviai ^avd"(72). Oi ud£,sq nou okoAouBouoov to 
POUM Kai tt| CNT njav opYiauevsc, nou eBAenav tic; KaTOKTiioeic, tou louAri 
va xdvovrai, 

Mnpoord oe aum. Tqv raTdoTaori auvaamapde. tuv ZToAtvtKWv rai tojv 
aortiiv ouppdxuv touc; ETOipdarriKE y\a Tnv TEXiKii Etpodo Evdvria oto npo- 
XETaptdTO Tilt; KaxaAuvioc. H eni8eor| ^EKivrjoe ap£OUQ petq tov yiopTaopd 
xrit; npaJTOpayiac; 1937. Av kqi ornv unoAoinn x^pa eyivav peyoAec EpyaTi- 
kec; auYKEVTpuaeic;, ornv BapKsA(ijvr| r) nptaTopayidTtKq diaSftXwan anaYQ- 
pEurrtKs. Tsa touc aY^vioTEc; EpydTcc x™nn,as a auvayeppdc; koi <)Aoi av£- 
pEvav pta npopoKdTota and Tnv KupEpvqan. 

46 linANIA 1936 




Epyawai rio/\iT<xpui\aKn om BapKeAAvn to 1937 
Auth n npopoKdToia £K6 n ^8 n KE oto KTipio thc TnXetptoviKriq eiaipEia 
otkt 3 Mdq. To ouyKSKptpEvo Kiip.o avfjKE ornv AuEpmaviKh. EiaipEia ThAe- 
<pwuv kqi TriAEYpaqxov kqi eixe and vwpie KaTaA n (p6Ei and pM n Tnq CNT. 
MeTd tov louAri tou '36 AEiToupyoOae Kdra and tov eAeyxo piac KOivtic em- 
rponnc; ^ CNT kqi mq UGT pa?( p* £ va kuPepvhtiko enirpano. I Tl c 3 Man 
1937 oLEueuvrric: trie, aoruvopiac. PovrpiyKee IdAo pa^i p'eva hyetiko p£- 
Aoc tou tou OTa\ lvt Kou KK KaiaAwviac nn Y av oro KTipto pe T P ia Kaptdvia 
YEpaxa aoTuvopouc koi sniXEipnoav va to raTaAdgouv. Oi epva^fiiiEvoi jifeAi] 
mq CNT nou xsipi^ovTav to TtiAecpwva apvpenKav va to napoSwoouv kqi a- 
peacoq ^canaoav Md X eq avapeoa orout; Epydrs? kqi Tqv Guardia Civil. 

Ta vsa KUKAocpdpnoav apeoajc otouc; epydTEC thc BopKeAwvric nou a- 
vTedpaaav pe dpEoo koi SpapariKd Tpdno. Av kqi rapid opYdvoan. 5ev KdAs- 
oe oe auYKEKptpEvri Spdon, oe dAn, Tnv ndAn ^onaoe apeatdQ yeviKii ansp- 
Yia. OSocppdyuaTQ oTiiOnKav navTDu kqi peao oe Ai Y eq cjpeq n. BapKEAd>vn 
PpiaKOTav KdTw and tov eAeyxo twv snavaorainpEvcDv EpyoTuv. "Ta X apa- 
paTa tt)c TpiTnq (4 Man) oe dAouc rouq KevTpiraue opdpouq unnp X av u^jw- 
PEva oBotppdypaTa. Me s^aipeori tm pixpd ipnpQ yupa> and Tn v edpa iqc 
XEvepaAiTdT, 01 £ PY dTe<; t c CNT kqi tou POUM xpaTouoav Tn v undAomn 
BapKeA(bvn"(73). O Popnep Aouqov orn peAexr) tou yia to yeyovoto tou 

IZnANIA 1936 47 



Man, ypCKpei to ndoo o i5toc EVTuraooTaornKe and ir\v ouvrptmrKft avwiEpd- 
Tnra mv onAiapsvwv EpyaTtbv, nou sixav KupiapxnoEi ora evvea Sekqto thq 
ndAn.c; oxeoov xwpie; va ylvsi oute pia ouYKpouon/V 4 )- 

Msid ano pia auvavmcm ps iou? nyEie? m? CNT, o Kopnavu? (o np<o9unoup- 
yd? m? KufJEpvnan? tn? KaiaAcovia?} piAnaE cno pa8id<po)vo Kai anoKiipuJje 
tnv Eiii9Eon iou PovipiyKEB XdAa omv mtecpflMKn EtaipEia, Kdvovia? EKKAn- 
on yia npEpia. H rkpicpepeiaKn Ennponn in? CNT tov onoatnpi^E: "Aqmate 
1a dnAa oa?, auid? nou npenEi va e?ovi(i>ooupE Eivai o (paaiapd?". H 
Solidaridad Obrera (EpyaiiKii AAAnAEyyun), n KaOnpepivrt ecpnpEpiSa taw a- 
vapxiKMV eixe pdvo eva piKpd penoptaz yia ta ysyovdia in? nponyoupevn; u.e- 
pa? am oe?ii6a okk& Kai Sev eypacpe Ae?n yia xa GSocppaypaia nou uip«9nKav 
oe dAn mv ndAn. In? 5 to andyeupa, o XspvdviE9 Qawdxo, nyem? m? UGT 
Kai npoaconiKd? cpiAo? too Adpyno KapnayiEpo, etpiaoe pE aeponAdvo and tn 
BaAevBia pazi pE Suo Avapxixou? unoupyou?, tov fKapOia OAi^ep Kai mv $e- 
viepiKO Movioevu. Eva? psid tov dAAo dpxiaav ti? opiAis? oio paSidtpavo e- 
viaxuovia? n? npoandBeie? iou Kopnavu? Kai icov nEpicpEpeiaKWV nyeid)v 1115 
CNT va KaBnauxdaouv too? epydiE?, " Auto nou EniKpatEi omv ndAn Eivai e- 
va Kupa ip£Ai\a?" ntav ia Adyia iou OAigep. "ripEnei va paAoups apsou? iEp- 
pa a'aum mv aSsAcpoKtdva ouyKpouan. Na naEi o kq9evo? oto onin iou.. . n 
Kup"Epvnan 0a ndpei i*avayKaia psipa". 

Tnv Tetdpm 5 Man 01 spyaie? niav aKdpa aia oSotppdypaia. T6te okouoov 
oto paoidcpwvo 10 KEipEvo m? aupcpaivia? avdpEaa atnv Kuf&pvnan koi mv 
CNT: Kaidnauan iou nupd? Kai tauidxpovn anoxwpnon m? amuvopia? koi 
tov onAiapsvcov noAitaw. Ouie M£n yia 10 noio? 6a exei iov SAevxo in? mAs- 
(pawiKn? EtaipEia?. AywviatE? in? CNT and mv 23n MEpapxia xai tou POUM 
and mv 29n, nou paBaivovia? 10 veo auyKEviptbBnKav 010 Mnappndatpo yia 
va gaSiaouv npo? in BapKEAcbvn, atapdtnaav aia nEpixoopa. Avnnpdacmoi a- 
nd inv nyEafa mq CNT ensiaav iov Siomntn m? 26n Mepapxia? FKpEYKdpto 
XofJEp koi tov avapxiKd a^apaimd M6&P0 4>pdvKO va pnv npoxapiioouv ouie 
auioi ae unooinpi^n rav Epyatrov... Oi <Pihoi tou Nmvpovrt EpyaAav Eva kciAe- 
opa Yia ouvExion iou oy^vo, 6pa>? SexmKav mv EniBson and tnv nYEola m? 
CNT. Tnv riEpmn 6 Man n ia§rt eixe oxeSov anoKataoiQ0£i(75). 

Tnv ioia pspa n, eipn.M E P' 5a T nc; CNT, Solidaridad Obrera, avaKoivcove: "H 
CNT kqi n UGT anocp6otoav va eraoipeitiouv oi epya^dpevoi otec; douAeieq 

48 JEnANIA 1936 



TOUq"(76). 

ay&vas t^AEitooe. H opdvoia Enovnh9E pazi ps tnv Eipnvn. EpydiE?, ouvd- 
SeAcpoi. evtoBsiiE oav Eva? dv9pG>no? yia mv a5E?i(poauvn nai tn vi«n... ZnpE- 
pa 01 EpyaiiKE? flEpinoAoi eKavav pia euvEviKn xsipovopia, pia XEipovopia nou 
uno5n?i(bvEi PaSid unsuBuvdrnta, va pnouv Kdiffl and n? 8iataves tqv ei6iKd>v 
oiopdicav Snpoaiag td^n? mc; AnpoKpatia?{77). 

XpEidamKov e^n pipe? yia va o?ioKAnpG)9ei n "EipnvEuan", Kai dtav n "td^n" 
onoKaTaatdBnKE autd otpEiAdiav 6x1 om 8pdon in? aotuvopia?, aAAd an? 
npotpone? iwv nyEiuv m? CNT nou aKatanauaia KaAouaav tou? spydiE? va 
EniorpEipouv an? SouAeie? iou? koi va napainaouv ia dnAa. Av 01 nyEie? m? 
CNT Eixav KaiaAd^Ei tnv e^ouoia - koi av to n9gAav 9a pnopouoav va 10 e- 
xouv nEiuxEi as Aiydiepo and 24 dip£? - n Kaidoiaon 8a eixe aAAd^Ei xai on? 
undAoine? EAsyxdpevE? and iou? AnponpaiiKou? z«ve? m? !onavia?(78). 

noioc; f]Tav po\oc;tqu POUM OTa yeyovoTa tou Man 1937; H rtyeoia 
tou POUM KpaTrioe psa ordon nou ae lEAeuraia avaAuon, 5ev i)Tav AiydTEpo 
Kaiacn:po(pi«f| and Wtf\ thc; n,Yeoiaq Tnq CNT. Oiav uH)0)Bn,Kav Ta npiirra 0- 
5o<ppaYMQTa to POUM koAeog to peAr) tou va ouppeTEXouv otij pdxn twv 
Spdpiov. OpcoQ, dTav n CNT apxioe ir|v unoxdbprton, r) HYSOia tou POUM Tnv 
aKoAouSnps. MnAoKapiopevn, arriv Ad9ot; TOKTiKf] ttjc; ane09uvonc; pdvo om.v 
HYEoia Ttuv AvapxiKCbv ue oidxo va Tn.v nsioEi v'aAAdljei OTpaTnYiKf), oko- 
Aoi)8r|0£ tov i5io KaTaarpocptKO Spdpo. Tnv TeiapTrt pepa ^liTnoe and Ta pe- 
At] tou va EYKOTaAEiipouv to oSocppayuaTa «ai iSiot; Niv niiys auTonpo- 
atuncot; ora popeia Tnq ndAn? yta va auvavTh,OEt tic; onAiopcvec; noAiTotpuAa- 
kec; nou eAeyxovtov and to POUM kqi va Tout; (ninoEi va pnv npoxtopiiaouv 
oto KEvrpo Triq nd\n£- 

Ynfjp^av (pcoveq psoa ainv apiorepd nou 5ev KaTpaKuAioav oto auppipa- 
apo koi KaAouaav roue epYdrec; va auvexraouv th YevtKii anspYia koi va pn v 
EYKQToAeiiiiouv tq o5ocppoYPQTa. Itic; 5 Man, si QiAoi tou NroupouTi poipa- 
oav pia npoKfipu^n nou koAouoe otov 

,. .a<ponAiapo dAcov kbv oohkajv SuvdpEav KaTaaIo^n?. KoivcoviKonoinan in? 
omovopia?. AidAuon tojv noAniKKiv Koppdicov nou Eivai ex9piKd pE mv Epyan- 
Kn td^n. Aev 0a unoxopiiaoupE otou? Spdpou?. npiv an'dAa n Enavdaiaan. 
XaipEiizoupE iou? ouvipcKpou? pa? iou POUM, laSsAcpia pa? aiou? opdpou?. 

iinANlA 1936 49 




XiMSeg epydzfseg eioav omv emvdmaon to bpfyo yia to arqidmtia 
tan mg ywaixEkig Koranfeon? 

Ha tnv KoivfflvjKn Enavuoraon, k6ig> n avtEriavacnaon(79}. 



Ta i5io ij\TQUOZ Kai n i^iKpi'i tootokiotiki 1 ! ojiafia, oi MnoAaspiKoi ■ 
areq, cm, 5tKii ttk npoKf]pu^n: 



Aevm- 



Tio tnv EnauaoTQtiKn a\n£ni9Eon. KavEvas ouppifJaaud?. AcponAiaiE inv avti- 
5paffiiKii Guardia Civil Kai ious Asaltos ($poupes Efpboou). Eivai n aiivuri tn? 
anoqwanc;. Tnv enbpEvn <popa 9a Eivai noAu apyd, TevikA anEpyia ae 6Aa la 
Epyoaidaia nou 6ev Asitoupyouv yia ng avdvKEs iou noAEUou evavua oroug 
qraoicjiEs, u.£xpj inv napaiinan mc; avnSpaoiiKii? KOpEpvnon^, Movo n npoAE- 
tapiaKn E^ouoia unopsi va efjaocpaAiOEi in aipaitffliiKri vim. HAnpnc; Ei;onAi- 
oiios ms Epyaimns id£ns. Znito n evoinia CNT-FAI Kai POUM. Znico 10 Ena- 
vaaiaiiKb Eviaio Meiooto, Ennpone? EnavaaiaiiKris duuvas oia nayazia, am 
Epyooiaoia, ota oSocppdyuaia". MnoAoEfiwoi - Aeviviqies, lonavwo T|inpa 

50 ILflANlA 1936 



ms 4n? Aie9vou^(80}. 

AAoiuovo, auTeq oi ipuvsp liTav noAu aouvaTEq ysa va enripeaoouv \iali- 
Kb Touq epyqtec; Tnq BapKeAtbvnq. Onwq ypacpEi a *eAi£ Mbpoou, oi <PMoi 
tou Nroupoun kql oi Mno\o£$moi Aevmoreq KQTOpBtooav va JJavaipepouv 
apKETouq EpybTEq ara oooippayuaia Tnv nEuxrrn. Kai tt\ vuxta Tnq Hapa- 
OKEufn;, aAAb 5ev fjTav apKEia piqupsvoi uioa oniq ubCeq, ojote va opyavw- 
oouv eva [iQKpoxpovo aytbva". 

Kai cno ioio to POUM uniipxav avnbpaoEiq. H TOniKii; entiponii iT\q Bap- 
KEAwvnq KaTriYopnoE ""iv nyeoia tou oti eixe "unoiax8Ei" arnv avTEnavd- 
araori Kb™ arto Tiq niEOEiq Tnq auu.pi(3aaTiKnq nyEaiaq ttip CNT. To ibio era- 
ve m n VEoAaia tou KbpuaToq, n JCI, n onoia analTnoe Tqv dtaypacpn Tnq 
Ss^iaq nyeaiat; otti BaAev9ta kqi tt|V auTOKprriKn, Tqq nY£° EcK ; 0Tr l BapKsAcb- 
vr|. H eacoTEpwn ouyKpouon xai r\ Siaonaori cpaivPTav 6ti hjav noAu kovto 
koi o u.6voq \oyot; nou ano(p£ux6r|Kav qTav to ysyovoq 6ti oitq 16 Mat] to i- 
6io to POUM eyivE or6xoq Tnq KaTaaroAiiq an6 Tqv KUpepvriori Kai touq Iia- 
AiviKouq. 

Oi revte (iEpec; Tnq ouyKpouonq orouq Spbtiouc; Tqq BapKtAuvnq k6oti- 
aav tti Cwti 0£ 500 av9ptbnouq. lvr\v npaynaxiKOTriTa oi ncpioo&TEpoi 6oAo- 
cpovii9r|Kav anb tt| Guardia Civil Tiq TeAeuToiEq wpEq Tn,q E^yEpoiiq koi atpou 
eixav eyraTaAEi^Ei to oSoippaypata kotuj anb Tiq npOTponfiq triq nyeoiat; 
Touq. Ouuk;, oi pEpeq xriQ pappapnq KQiaoroAnq nou aKoAouBnoav 9a a<pn- 
vav noAAanAaaiouq VEKpouq aytuviarEq. 

To pp66u Tqq napaoKEunq 5.000 papia onAiouevoi Asaltos KOTEcpBaoav 
anb tti BaAEvSia Kai EioEpaAav ornv nbAn aav orpaTbq KaTOxnq. To nptlbTO 
npayu.a nou ekovqv f|Tav va "KaTaA&pauv bAa Ta Tunoypatpeia kqi va ouAAa- 
pouv thv nYEoia tcov <t>i\tav tou Nmupoim. Ona5£q tow Asaltos nEpmoAou- 
oav OTouq 5pbuouq Kai TponOKpaTOuoav Touq EpydiEq... Ap/ioav paEjiKeq 
auAAfniiEiq... Tiq snopEvsq |36oua6eq apxioav Ta avrlnoiva, ^EKivwvraq nptb- 
ta anb Tiq EpyaToyEiToviEq tuv nepixtopaiv Triq BapKEAwvnq nou Eixav toA- 
ut^OEi v'avTioraeouv..."(81 ). 

H TEAtKti npb^n Tnq npoSooiaq naixtHKE 5uo unveq apybiEpa aTiq aypo- 
TiKEq KoAAEKTiBEq Tqq ApayKbv. EkeI, oi KoAAEKTiBeq 5iaAu9nKav pe Tfl pla 
koi to ZunPoOAio rnq ApayKbv, r\ iovukt) KupEpvnon nou EAsyxbTav anb Touq 
AvapxiKouq, KaTapyf|9nKE. EKaTOvrb5£q ayuviOTEc; Tnq CNT auvEAn<p8nKav. 

IIOANIA 1936 51 



Auto to TEAeuTaio oxup6 Tri? Enavdaraanq Tao.KiQTn.KE and Eva orpaTd nou 
ornv riyeoia tou BpioKovrav 01 nY^Teq tou KoppouviariKOu KoppaTOQ. To KK 
anoTEAouoc nia ttjv xupiapxn noAiTWfj diivapn, kqi KaBdpiCfi tt)v tuxh TT|q An.- 
poKpariac;, 

MiAia paKpid o TpoiOKi, e?"6piOToe ma oro Me^fKd, Eypaipe otk; 24 Au- 
Youarou 1937: 

OAe? oi nEpiypacpE? icov yEyovotrnv too Man 5e[xvouv on pe pia nvEoia pe oo- 
papdima koi auionenoiSnon n EJJEyEpon in? BapKeAcovn 6a hiav WKncpopa... 
Av to npoAeiapidio in? Kaiaftcovia? e!xe KaiaAdpEi inv e^ouaia to Man tou 
'37, 6na>? mv e(xe KataAd|ki iov louftn rou '36, 6a EppiOKE nAaipia unoainpi- 
{n oe dAn Tnv undftomn lanavia. H aauKn - oiaAiviKii avri6paon 6ev 9a efJpi- 
uke oute 6uo auvidypaTa nou 6a SExdviouaav va loaniaouv mu? KaiaAa- 
vou? Epydie?, In? nEpioxs? nou niav KOTahsippevE? ano iov <J>pavKo, dxi p6vo 
oi EpydiE?, ahAd Kai oi aypdiE? 8a EOipEtpav to fJMppa oro npohEiapidio in? 
BapK£?icbvn?, 6'anopdva>vav iov cpaaiaiiKd aipaTo km 8a iov odnyououv 
ainv anoauvOEon, Eivai apcpifSoAo av Kdra and tetoie? ouvShke? n onoiaSrV 
noiE ££vn Kugepvnon 6a 6iaKiv6uv£uE va oiei/tei to arparo in? aro kouiq xu- 
pa in? lanavia?, H EHEpjiSaon 9a ninv a6uvain n to AiyoiEpo E^aipEiwd Enmiv- 
6uvn. 

<t>uawa oe Kd8£ e^Eyepan undpxEi tva oioixei'o apEpaidmia? koi pioKou. 
AAAd n nopEia tcov yEyovdicov e5ei£e oti aKopa Kai ainv n£piniti>an in? nna?, 
n KOTdoraan too lanavwou npoAEiapidiou 9a niav aodyKpna mo Euvoi'Kri an' 
d,n eivai iwpa, yia va pnv avaq>Ep9<a aio dn auto? niav o pdvo? ipdno? yta va 
E?ao<paAia£i evo EnavaaraiiKO Kdppa to piWiov too. 



TO EE2IIAZMA 

THE ANTEIIANASTAEHE 

Ta yeyoydTa tou Mdn, oiq BapKEAtovn, anpadeipav to teAoq Tn,c; snavd- 
araanc. And '5w kqi pnpoc; n avTEnavdaiaan npoxwpnae ps paydaiouc; pu6- 
pouc.. 

npanac, ordxoc; thc; auppaxiaQ ItqAlvlko)v koi aorcbv AnpOKpanKtbv n.- 

52 IZOANIA 1936 



Tav to POUM. Zxiq 28 Man 1937 r| £<pn,P£pida tou, La Batalla, kipux8tike na- 
pdvopn. Tn vOxto TT|C 16 louvr) auvtAaBav dAn, Tnv KevrpiKii tou eniTponfi. 
Avrpcaq Niv psTacp£p8r}K£ t^xupiord oe pia puaTiKd, ipuAaKf) and tou<; npd- 
KTopet; tt)c; araAivitatc; GPU Kat eKTeAdan)Ke ora Kpu<pd pE tt|v KairiYopia dTi 
fjTav ...npdKTopac tou OpdVKo kqi tou TpdTOKi! Ta anAd peAn tou POUM koi 
tt|c; CNT KuvTiyidvTOuaav orouq dpdpouq koi eite tpuAaKi^ovTav, site 5oAo- 
(povouvrav fj£Td and Baoavicmipia. Itous; phveq nou aKoAou6r|oav k66e api- 
areph, kpitikh anfivavri ott\v KuQEpvn,on, oro KoppouviariKd Kdppa f\ mr\v 
EUA, xapaKTripi^dTav apfeauq aav "rpoTaKicno-cpaatcniKi 1 )* kqi BEmpidTav e- 
YKAnua pe noivn, 8avdTou. 

To POUM 6ev njav to pdvo nou Sexthke tic; eniBEOEic. Otqv otic; 15 
Mdn, o np{o9unoupydc; Adpyra Kapnayi^po apvh8n,Ke va Knpu^Ei to POUM 
napdvopo peTd and aiTi]pa Ttov ItoAivikcov, tuv ooTtiiv Kat pEpiKuv Se^itbv 
loaiaAioTuv unoupywv, avTiKaTaard8nKe apEoaic; and tov 5e^i6 looiaAiorfi 
Xoudv NeyKplv. H eni8£0T) EnEKTdOrtKe koi OH] Seuteph HEydAn epyaTtK^ Zu- 
vopoanovBia, thv UGT, Tn,q onoia<; o Kapnayispo fjTOV npdeSpot; and to 
1918, vloq npdsdpoq nou 6iopiam,KE ornv UGT, o rravedAec; rievra, ekove 
apeatoQ St^AtDon, niom.<; aniv kuBepvtioti. Kapnayiepo auv£Ah.(p8ei Kai uno- 
XPEwQhke va EYKaiaAEii(JEi ttiv noAiTiKi^ dpdar). 

Itic; 23 (auvri 1937, pE npcotoBouAfa Ttov unoupYibv tou KK, anoipaaiorri- 
KE n, "avaSiopYdvoiaTj" tuv AatKwv AtKaoTfipUiiv pE aTdxo tt|v "ndTa^r\ tijc; 
KaTaoKoniac;". To ti ofjpaivs n, "avadiopydvtoor)" cpdvnKE and to SiaTdypaTa 
nou aK0Aou9f]aav TT|v ecpappovTi nqc;. rpdtpouv oi Mnpoufi koi Tepip: 

EavayupiaapE arnv enoxri npiv inv Etiavdoraan. Oi auvKEvrpcboEi? tuv ouu5i- 
Kditov EnpEnE va exouv inv dfiEia iou EiaayYEMa pstd and aiinan nou 6a ^* 
npsnE va unoP?m6£i ipEi? pEpE? npiv. EnavepcpaviornKE n hoyoKpioia. In? 18 
Mdn n npooKEipEvn aiov AdpyKO Kapnayiipo ecpnpEpiSa Adelante! (Mnpo- 
aid!), EpcpaviornKe pe ?ieuko nptoio0i?n8o Kdiu and iov TiiAo "ZhTB o AapvKo 
KapnaYi^po!" In? 18 louvn dAoi oi paSiocpcoviKo! oia8poi Kaia?in(p9nKav and 
tov KuPepvnimd aipaid. En? 7 Auyouaiou n E<pnpEpi5a in? CNT, Solidaridad 
Obrera, KaTa6waoTnKE oe nEvrs pipE? KhEiaipo, EnEi6n dcpnvE kev6 ia anpsia 
nou Eixav uno6An9ei oe AoyoKpiafa, ApEooo? BynKE veo didToypa nou anayd- 
pEUE Vatphvovrai keve? oi AoyoKpipEVE? tppdaEi?". In? 14 Auyouaiou pia e- 
VkukAio? anaydpEuoe k69e KpniKii am Pgwikt) Ku6Epvnon"(82). In? 15 Au- 

IIHANIA 1936 53 




BapKeA&vn 1938. 
Oi eBeAovtig tov AieOv&v Tafyapm&v anoxaipeiouv mvlonavia 



54 linANIA 1936 



youoiou 568nKav "ei5ikes appoSioiniEs" cro SIM (Servicio de Investigation 
Militar, unnpEtria avtiKataoKonfac;), pia Suvapn 6.000 xacpieBtov nou auvtopa 
EyiVE o ipopoc; ota otpat6ne8a auYKEvtpcoonc; koi tic; cpu?taK£c;(83). 

Tupa o Neykpiv Kai o unoupyoq rioAepou, o npieio, evoiuoav apKEta 
Suvaioi Y'Q va npoxwpnoouv aK6pa rat ornv TurnKii KaiapYTion tojv noArco- 
cpuAaKWv pe rnv avaYKaariKi'i evowpaTiooii touc; otov aoriKO orpaTo. Inc. 5 
OKTtbppn tou 1937, oi errpaTtiJTEq anaYopeiiGnKE va naipvouv pepoc, oe noAi- 
tikec; ouYKEVTpuoEic; Kai Eni(3Aii6r|KE o naAioc; OTpaTiuiiKOc; KdiStKaq. 

H YH rat ra epYOoraoia nou to 1936 Eixav napSel ano touc, oyp6tec, koi 
touc; EpyaTEq, apxioav va emoTpetpovTai aTouq naAiouq KaToxouq Touq. 
Itt|v KaraAwvia to enavaoraTiKc; SiaTQYpoTa ttiq KO\AEKTtBonoin.OT)C. Kaiap- 
Yn.8n.Kav enetSn, "hrav avriBsTa npoq to luvTOYpa". To neptoSiKO tdv Kanrra- 
Aioriiiv, The Economist, EYpatpe ano to AovSivo: "H naptppaon tou Kparouq 
OTr]v Biopnxavla, oe avrifieon, m.e Tn.v KoAAeKTtpanoinon, koi tov epYa™6 e- 
Asyxo, enavatpEpEi oe laxii Tn.v apxfl "rn.q arapiKtiq t6i0KTna[aq"(84). 

H KuPEpvnon tou NeYKpiv panTlamKe ano to Koppouviotiko K6ppa "Ku- 
pepvr)OTi ttic; Nmrtq". H loropca ancSEi^e noao TpayiKa aTaipiaorn njav auni 
H TapncAa. H povn, viKq nou neTuxe o Neykpiv njav viKn, evavria orouq EpYO- 
TEq Kai touc; oypoteq. Ot ernoooeiq tou oto orpaTiuniKb pETtono evavTia 
otov <t>pdvw) njav pia teAeio KaTaatpoipn.. To an6cpBEYpa tou KAaouq"eBiTq 
on 'o n6Aepoq etvai n. ouvexeia Tn.q noAtwriq pe aAAo peca", loxuei atcopa 
nepioo6T£po yiq touc, spcpuAiouq ndAspouq; eivas ouvexeio rnq noAmKn.<; thc. 
tq^ikhc, naArjc;. H noAmKn. n6vTa KaBopiq'ei xo peoa teat Touq oroxouq tiov 
5uo orpaTontScov o'&vav epipuAio noAEpo. R'airro kqi o Tpdraci hjav nenei- 
opEvoq oti n vlkh nova) oto cpaoiop6 e^apTUTav Aiyotepo ano ir] crrpaTiasTi- 
Kf] TCx^iKtl koi nepioooTepo othv noAiTiKf) nou aKoAouBoitoav oi avTupaai- 
otec,. Ito ^EKivnpa tou lonaviKou EptpOAiou, cmq 30 louAn. 1936, o Tpotoki e- 
Ypafpe: 

Ano KaOopd orpQiiaiiKn anotjjn n lonauiKn Enavaotaon eIvqi nohv nio q6uvq- 
tn ano tov exQpo tnc;. H Siivapn in? ey^ta. 1 otn 6uvai6tntd tn? va ^Eormavei 
nspevaXeg pdzes otn Spaon. MnopEi aKopa koi va ipapYic^] tov oipai6 ano 
tov sAEyxo imv aviiSpaoiiKctiv at;i(ijpaiiKcbv. Tia va to nEiuxei quto, xpsidzEiai 
oopapd kqi OappaXea vo npoxcapiiaei ota {Jiipaia tou npoYp6ppatos tn? oo- 
oiaAioimh? snavdotaon?. Efvai anapaitnto va fciampu^Ei on ano' 6© koi 

IinANIA 1936 55 



pnpoc; n yn, ia Epyoaidaia Kai 1a pavazid 9a nEpaaoov and ra xEpia i<av Kam- 
laAiaitov 01a xepia too Aaou. Eivai avayKaio va kiwiOe! auEatocj ysa hw ^P" 
poyn auiou tow npoypdpuaiQc; otic; nepioxEC; nou oi Epydies eivai arnv e£ou- 
oia. tpaoiarino? oipatoc;, 6ev 6a pnopEOEi vWiaiaQEi oute 24 copse, pnpo- 
aid am pazim enippoti nou 8a exei eva tetoio npdypappa. Oi cpavrdpoi 9a e- 
Sevav tous a^copaiiKoucj touc; XEipondSapa kci 8a tods napeSioav oto kovto- 
vdiEpo cnpaidneSo in? epyaiiKn? noAiTocpuAoKnc;. 

AAAa pra tetoio noAmKn, 5ev ryrav oupBaTn, pE to AatKd Msrano. 

...oi aaioi unoupvoi 6ev prropouv va oexOouv Eva leioro npoypappa, flapaKa- 
pniovras inv KoivcoviKn Enavdaiaan, avayKazouv touq, spydiec, kqi too? oypo- 
te? va xiioow 6£Ka (pops? to aipa touc; otov EpcpuAio noAspo, Kai aav anoKo- 
pufpmua, auToi oi Kupsoi, npoa6oKow oti psia in viral 9a acponAioouv auious 
Too? epydiEC, kqi 9a touc; E^avayKOaouv va crefiaoTouv roue; ispous vdpoue; ins 
aiopiKiic; iStoKtriaiac.. Auin eivai n npayiiariKii ouoia IBS noAniKiic; tou AOikou 
MEttbnou. OAa ia undAoma eivai okeiec; aEpoAoyiEC;, unoKpioiEC;, ^paTa!{85). 

Oi XtoAivikoI unocrtfipic^av on o ptt>6<; nEpiopiopdc; tiuv KoivciwiKtbv pe- 
TappuBptOEWV hjav avayKaioc, yia va pn,v TpopdEjouv oi <ptAeA£u8epoi aoroi 
Kai oi Kupepvnoeic; tt|^ AyyAlaq Kai Trie; raXAiaq, ano tic; onoiec; nEpipEve 
JJofieeia. Opcoc; ornv npayporiKOTnTa n itmaviKfi aoriKh, la^n, efts KaiatpOyei 
otic; nepioxEC; nou eAsyxE o (Ppdvro Kai n sArrifia on 9a eoteAvov Bon8eia oi 
ipnEpraAianKEc, kuBepvtioeic; tiic; AyyAiac; Kai Tr)9 TaAAiac; htov evteAwc; avs- 
oatpiKf|. KaTW and to npoouneio Trie; ouoETEpdTnrac;, to AovSivo Kai to riapi- 
oi apvn.8n.Kav arapa koi va nouAnpouv dnAa orr| vopipn KuBepvnon, Tn.c. fona- 
viac;, Tnv cbpa nou o OpavKO eixe niaco tou Tn pac>n, OTpaTianiKfj po^8£ia 
ttjc; TEpuavlac; Kai ttic; iTaAiac;. 

nAnotd^ovTac; to teAoc; tou EiJtcpuAiou ndAEpou koi Ka8ti)c; i\ vi¥.r\ tou 
(DpdvKO r|Tav kovto, o TpoTOKi ekqve pia ava8poui(] Kai EnaveAaBe to [5to s- 
nixeipTipa: oti novo n aoaiaAioriKf) enavdoraari 6a u.nopouoe va unEpnnSti- 
oei to crrpaTiwTiKo. nAsovsKTr'naaTa tou OpdvKo: 

Av oi aypoTEc; eixav KpaTnaei in yn Kai oi Epyaie? ia epyooidaia, o ^pdvKo 
noie 6ev 8a pnopouae va apndt;£! in visn ueoa ano ta XEpia tou?... H lonaviKn 
Enavdoiaon niav oooiaAiatiKn amv ouaia in?: oi EpydiE? npoandBnoav noA- 
M? <popt<i va avaipe^ouv inv aoTiKn Td§n, oi aypdiE? ii9£hav va ndpoov Tn yn. 

56 SIHANIA 1936 



To AoTko Msrano ue inv nysaia isov EtoAmk&v, oipayydAiaE inv aoaiaAioTh 
kit Enavdaiacn oto dvopa pia? ^EnEpaapEvns aouKti? 6npoKpaiia?. Ano'Sai 
^EKiva n anoyonTEuan, n anEAraoia, n ano6dppuvon in? pdza? tcov Epyaiciiv 
Kai tow aypoTtt)V, n niTondSEia tou AnuoKpaTiKo6 aipaiou koi, oavanoTeAe- 
a[ia, n aipancoiiKfi KaTdppEixin pnpoard otov 0p6vKo(86). 



EniAoroE 

Av Kai o ndAepoe. Evdvna orouc; cpaoioTEc; ouvextoTriKE pixpi tov AnpiAri 
tou 1939, Ta yeyovoTa tou Man 1937 otji BapKEAcbvn f|Tav to teAoc; yia thv 
npoomiKti inq EpyaTiKiic; sfiouoiaq, aAAd koi to teAoq kq8e eAnifiat; yia Tn 
orpaTtEOTiKfi vtKn, trie; An.p.OKpaTtac; Eni tou OpavKO. To KoppouviOTiKd Kdppa, 
TOOKi^ovTac; Tnv enavdoToan, dvoi^E to Spdpo yia to Bovqto koi jt\<; Anpo- 
KpaTiac; and touc; tpaoioTEc;. 

Oao n ndAn svdvTia otov OpdVKO t^Tav KOppdTi Tnt; ndAr)t; twv EpyaTCJv 
Kai twv aypoTcbv yia Tn SiKfi touq e^ouoia, yia uia dXXr\ KOivwvia x^pic; ekpe- 
TdAAEuan, Kai KaTaniEori, auTd nou KaSdpiOE to orpaTttoTtKo pETCono hTav to 
noAiTtKd ^n^nMQTa, n noAinKh. npoomiKii, ontoc; noAO ouora napaTripouaE o 
TpdTOKi. 

And tti ortypri nou o ndAepoc; peTOTpdnnKE oe pia oketh oiiyKpouon avd- 
psoa oe duo avT[Ti8epsvouc; OTpaTOuc;, Kai o Kauydc; Eyivs yta to noia pspl- 
5a ttic; dpxouoac. Td^n<; 8a eixe tov sAeyxo ttic; Icmaviac;, oi Ka8op(OTiKOi na- 
pdyovTEq n£ptopiorr|Kav oe Ka8apa texviko ^"rfipaTa - noia nAEupd sivai ra- 
ACiTEpa onAiapsvn, noia sxei nEpioodiEpo oTpaTd, KaAuTspouc; OTpaTiara- 
kolic;, aEponoptKfi unooTrtpi^n KAn. And Tn OTtypfi nou o ndAepoc; nfjpE outo 
tov xapaKTfipa, n vimq tou t&pdvKo tiTav s^aocpaAiopevn.. XiTAep koi o Mou- 
ooAivi fjTav sTOipoi va oteiAouv otouc; lonavouQ (paoiorec; 6oa dnAo r)8EAav, 
XpnoiponoitovTac; paAioTa tj]v lonavla yia EKna(5euon tou Sikou touq aTpa- 
tou oe ouvBriKEc; npaypaTmou noAspou. H AripoKpana 5ev eixe tetoio uno- 
OTiipi^n. Oi Autikec; oripOKpaTiEc;, pe E^aipson to Me^iko nou eoteiAe Kdnoia 
BoiiBEiQ, yupioav tic; nAdTEc; Touq orn AriMOKpana. ripoiipnaav th vikh tou 
tpaotopou, rtapa ttiv anEtAfi Trjc; epyaTiKnc; EnavaaTaonQ. H EIIA eoteAve to 
dnAa me to OTayovOMETpo. AKdpa, ducoc; ki outo to dnAa to e5ive pdvo otic; 

ISnANIA 1936 57 



SuvdpEic; nou EXtyxovrav and Tout; npdKTOpSc; Tqc;. 

H vkq tou (DpdvKO oev ryrav avandtpEUKTq. Htqv anoTEXEOpa ttft oetXtac; 
rat ttiq npoooalac; tu>v koppGtcov tou Aa'tKoO Menanou. H smpovn. auniiv 
tljv KoppdTwv va pEtvet o aYtovat; auoTqpd oto nXalota Tin; naXtdc; Td^qc; 
npaypdrav, to Tono8£Touoe oto avrlnaXo orpaTdraoo and tou<; EpydTec; 
km touc; aypdTec;, nou pe TT| 6pdoq touc; npOKaXouaav auTf| Tqv naXtd Tdtft 
npaYpdxwv, TeXiKd oi qyeTeq tou Aat'KOu METtimeu KOT6Xq£av va (JXenouv 
Tqv EpyaTiKh, e^ouala oav aneiAi*| yta Tq Aqpo«paT(a, 600 aneiXq. fiTav kqi 
<t>pavKo. 

Auto 5ev oqpaivEi KaBdXou 6ti 01 EnavaoTdTEC; 8a ertpene va elvai a6td- 
(popoi Yia thv EKpaori tou ndXepou Evdvxia otov OpdvKo. Evci) n AriuoKpaxla 
EtXE oav otoxo va xaXivayuyqoEt tiq epyotikec; opyaviiioeic;, 01 cpaolarec; q- 
8eXov va tic; cuaAuoouv, va tic; raTaoTpet|iouv. Me auTq Trjv ewoia, to npiino 
Ka8hKov frrav otyoupa va r|TTr|8E[ OpavKo, AXXd Yia va e^acKpaXiOTEl q qT- 
to Ttav (paoiOTuv, qTav anapalTqTO va ^enepaoTOuv 01 neptopiopol nou s- 
pnatvav and to Aa'tKd Meicano. 

Eva EVTimwotaKb napdBEtypa tou ti oh. paive outo, ipdvqKE ottiv nepl- 
nruon tou Mapdrau. H onovduAiKn, ornXq tou OTpaTOu tou OpavKO fjTav Ta 
OTpaTE0|iOTa nou QploKOVTav OTqv tonaviKh. anotKla tou MapdKou, an'6nou 
SeKlvqoe Kai Tqv avTapola tou. GptDC;, XadQ tou MapdKou eIxe pia psyiXq 
napdSoori avTloraaqc; evdvTta OTqv lonaviKq Kuptapxla. Jto TeXq tou 1937, 
eSviKtOTqc; papomvdc; qyfeTqc; ApnvT EA-Kptp napaKdXECE thv AqpoKpamq 
Kupspvqoq va tou eraTpe^et va Yuploei oto MapdKO xai va apyavtiaEi pia e- 
$Eyepaq evdvna otov <J>pdvKO, Mia Terota firepan 8a qTav pdppa otouq 
(paolorec;. Opwc;, q taiPepvqoT) apvqBqKE tpopoiipEvq 6ti av vikouoe ma te- 
TOia E^EYEpon r) lonaviKf) dpxouoa Td£q 9a Sxove thv anoiKia Tqc;, xwpia nou 
8a npOKaAouoe aXuootSantc; BEjEytpoetc; koi otic; anotKlec; Tqc; raXXlac; rai 
Tnc; AyyAlac; ornv A<pp«q. Tia Tq ouppaxla iTaXtvtKiiiv «at acrrciiv (PiXeXeu8e- 
puv, to moTonoir|TiKa uneuSuvOTHTac; nou 66ivav othv Bpetovik^i kqi Tnv 
TaXXiKfi auTOKpaTopta i^tov noXu mo onuavraa an6 tm npaYtiaTiK6 nai t- 
oxup6 xrCinnna otov <t>pdvKOl 

Ta aoriKd Kd^paTa Trie; inuoKpaTlac; 6ev Elxav Kapi6 enippofi u.eaa othv 
EpyaTiKt 1 ! Tfi^n- Ta kqhu-Oto nou fipa^av to entxeipfmaTa Trjc; to^ik^ ouvEp- 
Yaolaq peoa oto arpaTbneSo t^c; epyqtik^ t6?hq iVrav to Ko^mouviotikP 
kol to IootaXiOTiK6 K6p|ia. H aviKavdTHTa Tnq CNT mi tou POUM va npo- 

58 lEnANIA 1936 



otpfcpouv pia ooSapfi evaXXaiatKn nppTaori anevavri amv noXtTtKri tou Aai- 
kou Meranou, atponXioe teXik6 thv EpYOTiKf| Tai;r|. Tia va KepSioEi xn u.a.xn 
oooiaXio^oc;, eXeye TpOTOKi, xpeia^oiav eva enavacrraTiKO Konua nou va 
SiOTriphoei tt|v anbXuiri avsiiapTnoia tou anevavri orn orpaxriYiKii tou AaT- 
koO MeTtbnou, va Xm ttjv aXft8eta yia ttiv to^ikh ouvepyaola nou f|8eXav va 
eraBoAouv 01 p£cpop|iiore<; koi va pnopei va laeTacppdCsi Tiq apxet; tou ae au- 
YK£Kpi(ievn orpaTnYiKi 1 ! Kai toktikti nou 8a oSnYouoav Tnv epYOTiKft Ta^n 
cnT|v e^ouoia. 

To Aa'iKb MeTwno Epa^E eva epu)Tnu.a nou Chtouoe 6ueoti artavTnari: 
raoc; 8a viKiioou^E tov <paoio^6; Me Tiyv ouvEpyaoia 6Xcov pa£|i avefjipTiTTa 
an6 Ta^tKeq 8ia«pop£<;, anavroOae to Kou.u.ouviotik6 Kb\i\ia. le out6 to ijjeu- 
tiko koi KOTaoTpotpiKa 6u\nu.uaTa twv pecpopiaicrrajv, r| acpnpripfivri avTinoXi- 
xeuori 5ev f|Tav apKETfi, 6ncoc; eSei^qv xa Tpayitca napaBeiypaTa ttiq CNT kol 
tou POUM. 

H OTpaTriYiKn. £v6<; EnavaoroTiKoO kohpotoc; 8a Enpene va eixe oa^j or\- 
ueio ava<pop6c; to 6ti to opyava Trjt; EpyaTiKfic; e^ouaiac; n5n unf|pxav. Eva 
ano to mo anu.avTiK6 5t56ynaTa ttic; lonaviKiic; EnavaaTaonc; e(vai n Suvann 
koi n iKavoTqTa nou exei t\ EpyaTiKn. Td^q va Siaxeip^etai tt|v koiv&mo x^pic; 
to naXia tt\c, atpcvriKd. 0< emxponfi't; yEiTOvidq, ot KoXXetaipec; crra EpyooTd- 
01a, crra payola koi ora aypoKTquaTa, na^t u.e nq epyaTiK^c; noX{TO{puXaKec; 
i^iav 01 t>VTavec; ano5ei^£i<; tou enavaoxaTtKou ^qXou Kai Tqc; cpavraaiac; 
nou ayKaXia^E xqv lanavia cKeiva Ta xpovia. Oi pd^ec;, av «a( ^EKivrioav e^a- 
TopiKonoiqpEVEc; koi avopydvtoTec; auT0axE5id<ovrac; T aneSs^av dTt pnopei 
va urtdpfjEi pia vea popcpq Koivaiviac;, nou q oiaxepaq xqc; 8a yivetoi auXAo- 
yiKd and auTouq nou napdYouv tov tiXouto Tqc; KOivcoviac;. Miac; Koivwviac; 
paotoptvqc; 6x1 oto Ki p5oq, aAXd otic; avSptiimvec; avdyKEQ. 

Evac; Eevoc; Sqpooioypdtpoq eix£ nei otov NioupouTi, Eva pqva npiv 
8eCiTEpoc; okotwSeI orq pdxq Tqq MaSptTqq: "Av viKqaETE 8a ppsSsiTe va Kd- 
eeore ndvo) oe eva otopd and epElnta". Ntoupouti anavrqas: 

KaioiKotioaps navta as ipuyAE? Kai oe ipijne^. Eepou|i8 Aoindv nw? 8a poXeu- 
touue, via Xiyo Kaipo. Tiaii, 6ev npsnei va ^exvdtE, pnopoope kqi va KtiaoupE. 
Epel? eipaotE nou Ktiaaps naXana koi ndAei? oXonhnpE?, e86 Kai cnnv Apepi- 
Kd Kai navtou. Epeic;, ot epydte? pnopoupe va Kitaoupe and mv apxn inv koi- 
vcovia nou 9a ndpei in 0eon m<; naXsd?- Aev tpoPopaaie kq96Xou ia epeiraa. 

IZnANIA 1936 59 



Eipaare Eueis nou 0Q KAnpovophooups tn vn. ITauTO Sev undpxEi n napapiKpn 
aptpipohia. H aaxiKft la^n law? tiva^ei crov aepa koi KaTatnpe^ei iov roapo 
nou Etpna^e n 181a, npiv evKatateiiyEi to 6iko in^ ardSio oinv loiopfa. EpEi? 
pEra<pepoupE eva Kaivoupyio Koopo, £6<i>, on? Kapoks pa?. Eivai o Koopo? 
nou pevaMvEi kqi avanruaoEiai aurn m oriYpri nou piAdpe. 

H (paoioriKii StKiaropia tou *p6vko ensae oav 6apu5i navu crniv Epyan- 
l8| Tafjr] trie; lonaviac, yta TpiavraenTa xpovia. Kaitppeuoe to 1 976 kotu ano 
xqv mean tojv yevikojv anepyiwv kqi twv OLaonAuasaw tojv lonavcbv epya- 
T(i)v, H lonaviKii Enavaoraon, 01 cuykAoviotikec; KaxaKifiosie ttic; aAAa Kat r) 
lino tt|c ano to {paaiop6, 5l56okouv oti o v£ot; raopoc; nou 8eAoup£ 5ev 8a 
eA8ei auTOpaTa. Ga eA8ei povo oav anoTeAEapa t^c; ouv£t5r|TfjQ 6paor)c; tr^ 
nAeioiJjriqDLaq tt|9 epyanKfjc; Ta^n9- Eivai KaQriKOV evex; ooaiaAioriKou Enava- 
ototikou KoppaToq va BpioKETai peoa oe 6Aou<; rouq epyaTtKouc. avowee;, 
pey6Aoue; t\ piKpouq, va opyavawei kol va koteuOOvsi ttiv auTonenofSrian Kai 
tti Spoon T(ov spyaTdiv, 6xi povo yia th viKTj tcov KaBnpspivwv apeawv pa- 
Xtbv, aAAa. yia Ttiv npoormKn, Triq oooiaMoriKrV; Kowwviat;. 

H tanaviKH Enavaoraari Eivat epnveuar] os auTf] Trjv naAri, aAAa kqi p6- 
8n,pa yia to niac. pnopoupe va KspSiaoupe mv Enopsvn, cpopti. 



60 IZnANIA 1936 



EHMEIQSEIE 

1. R. Fraser, Blood of Spain, Aov8ivo 1979, a. 514 

2. Ira St©, o. 521 

3. H. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, Aovfiivo 1977, a. 91 Ira EAArjVtKa, Xiou 
Topac, loTopia tou lonavtKou EpcpuAiou UoAspou, ek5. ToAi5n,, ASiiva 
1971. 

4. Ito toio, a. 49 

5. Fraser, a. 525 

6. Thomas, c. 186 

7. G. Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, KaiunpiT< 1971 , o. 253 

8. Ito lSio, o. 254 

9. Ito l5io, a. 258-9 

10. P. Brue koi E. Temime, The Revolution and Civil War in Spain, AovSivo 
1972,0.49 

11. Brenan, a. 269 
12,lToi5io, O.270 

13. Itoloio, a.282 

14. iToioio, a.284 

15. Ito i5io, a. 286-9 

16. Ito l5io, a. 292 

17. Brue KOt Temime^ a. 75-6 

18. Brenan, o. 301 

19. Brue koi Temime, a. 80-1 

20. Felix Morrow, Revolution and Counter-revolution in Spain, Neq Y6pKrj 1974, 
a. 45. Ira eAAriviKa, $eAi£ Mopoou, EnavaoToor] Km avT£navaoTaoq 
arnv lonavia, sk6. ATpan6c;, A8r)va 1977 (EEjavrAiipevo) 

21. Brue Kai Temime, a. 81 

22. Thomas, a. 190 

23. Morrow, a. 48 

24. Thomas, a. 220 

25. Morrow, a. 49 

26. Brue koi Temime, a. 121-2 

IZFIANIA 1936 61 



27. F. Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit, AovSivo 1932, o. 71 

28. Ito i5io, o. 76 

29. ItoiSio, 0.115-16 

30. Ito ioio, o. 123-25 

31 . Brue kqi Ternime, o. 121-22 

32. Leon Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution, o. 209 

33. Ft. Tosstorff, Die POUMim spanischen Burgerkheg, OpavKcpoupTti 1987, o. 
350 

34. Et Communista, 5 AekeuPpt] 1936 

35. L Trotsky, La revolution espagnole, o. 318 

36. Atov Tpotoki, H TpaywSia rrjc lanaviaq, eko. EpyaTiKiiq naArrc. ABiiva 
1963, enav£K5ooTi Neoi Iioxot 1975, o. 67-8 (efjavrtntievo) 

37. Ito ioto, o. 68 

38. Ito i5to, o. 69 

39. Ito i5io, o. 68 

40. L. Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution, o. 322 
41.lTOi6to,o.86 

42. Borkenau, o. 131 

43. Thomas, o. 653. 

44. Ito i5to, o. 646 

45. Brue rat Ternime, o. 232 

46. Borkenau, o. 192 

47. Brue rat Ternime, o. 229 

48. Ito i5io, o. 92 

49. Thomas, o. 180 

50. Fraser, 0.186 

51 . Brue rat Ternime, o. 207-8 

52. Trotsky, The Spanish revolution, o, 31 6 

53. Ito i6io. o. 146 

54. AvatpEpeiat oro 3i0ALo tou W, Buschak, Das Londoner Buro, AuorepvTau 
1985, o. 207 

55. Fraser, a. 321 

56. Brue kqi Ternime, o. 204 

57. La Batalla, 17 AsKeugpri 1936, Buschak, o. 240 

58. Trotsky, The Spanish revolution, o. 351 



62 



LXnANt'A 1936 



59. Ito i5io, o. 134 

60. Tosstorff, o. 165 

61. Trotsky, The Spanish Pevolution, o. 317-8, 345-6 

62. V. Alba koi S. Schwartz, Spanish Marxism versus Soviet Communism, A 
History of the POUM, MnpavoyoutK 1988, o. 153 

63. P. Pages, Andreu Nin, o, 232-3 

64. Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution, a. 318, 343 

65. Alba rat Schwartz, o. 140 

66. Morrow, o. 124 

67. Borkenau, o. 174-5 

68. T(o)pTf; OpvoueA, npomuvnua oinv KamAwia, era. AiEBvrft BiGAloQiV 
Kr|, ABiiva 1974 r o. 118-19 

69. Brue koi Ternime, o. 275 

70. Ito i5to, o. 277 

71. Ito i5io, 0.278 

72. Ito i5to, o. 279 

73. Fraser, a. 378 

74. Brue rat Ternime, a. 287 

75. Ito (Sio, o. 283-4 

76. H. Oehler, rjUTonTnc; ubpTupac; thjv yeyovotcov tou Man, "Barricades in 
Barcelona", Nea Yopm 1937, Enaveraoari 1982, o. 1 1 

77. Ito i5io, o. 12-13 

78. Alba koi Schwartz, o. 189-90 

79. Oehler, 0.1 

80. Tosstorff, a 240-1 

81 . <E>eA[£ Moppoou, Enavaoraan kqi Avrenavacnaon ornv lanavia, A9iiva 
1977,0.154,156 

82. Brue koi Ternime, o. 312 

83. Ito i8io, 0.312-13 

84. Ito i5to, a 313-14 

85. Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution, o. 235 

86. Ito i5io, o. 347. 



liriANIA 1936 63
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